AbstractA series of mono‐ and diamines and one triamine have been prepared using methyl 17‐hydroxy oleate as the common starting material. The 17‐hydroxy oleate is an abundant bioderived material obtained from acid alcoholysis of sophorolipids, which in turn are produced by fermentation of agricultural by‐products. Incorporation of the amino unit(s) can be selectively performed at either end of the chain or at its middle. The chief synthetic reactions used are allylic bromination, Curtius rearrangement, and the Mitsunobu reaction. These fatty amines also possess functionality such as hydroxy groups, carboxylic acids, and C−C double bonds. The amines are isolated in protected form using a variety of protecting groups, the identities of which can be selected on the basis of the intended use of the amine. These novel compounds will be of interest in the preparation of highly functionalized polymers and surfactants, among other areas.
also prepared: one acrylamide, one styrene derivative, and two types of AB2 diamino acids, all of which contain oleic units that are sites for epoxidation and crosslinking. Fatty acid aryl ethers were prepared using hydroxy fatty acids. These molecules are intended to serve as augmented analogues of epoxidized vegetable oil. Their amide groups should lead to intermolecular aggregation through hydrogen
Structured Estolides: Control of Length and Sequence
作者:Jonathan A. Zerkowski、Alberto Nuñez、Daniel K. Y. Solaiman
DOI:10.1007/s11746-007-1185-7
日期:2008.3
AbstractUsing ester‐forming reactions such as carbodiimide coupling and a modified Yamaguchi symmetrical anhydride method, a variety of estolides based on 17‐hydroxy oleic and 17‐hydroxy stearic acid have been prepared. These hydroxy fatty acids are produced in good yields from hydrolysis of sophorolipids, which are in turn derived from fermentation of fats and oils. Since the estolides are formed one unit, or ester bond, at a time, their length and sequence can be precisely controlled. The key to this control is the use of protecting groups at either the carboxylic or hydroxy end of the starting hydroxy fatty acids. Two mono‐protected dimers, for example, when combined in a fragment‐condensation approach, give a tetramer with no “contamination” from estolides of other lengths. This methodology opens the way to functionalized estolides, and several variants were prepared: hybrid estolides, containing non‐fatty acid moieties such as amino acids; polymerizable estolides, containing a norbornene unit; and non‐linear estolides that extend from a branched core such as glycerol or pentaerythritol. With the benzoyl chloride‐mediated symmetrical anhydride method, yields for individual coupling steps ranged from 75 to 93%.