Engineered protein kinases which can utilize modified nucleotide triphosphate substrates that are not as readily utilized by the wild-type forms of those enzymes, and methods of making and using them. Modified nucleotide triphosphate substrates and methods of making and using them. Methods for using such engineered kinases and such modified substrates to identify which protein substrates the kinases act upon, to measure the extent of such action, and to determine if test compounds can modulate such action. Also engineered forms of multi-substrate enzymes which covalently attach part or all of at least one (donor) substrate to at least one other (recipient) substrate, which engineered forms will accept modified substrates that are not as readily utilized by the wild-type forms of those enzymes. Methods for making and using such engineered enzymes. Modified substrates and methods of making and using them. Methods for using such engineered enzymes and such modified substrates to identify the recipient substrates the enzymes act upon, to measure the extent of such action, and to measure whether test compounds modulate such action.
                            可利用野生型蛋白激酶不易利用的经修饰的
三磷酸核苷酸底物的工程蛋白激酶,以及制造和使用它们的方法。经修饰的核苷酸
三磷酸底物及其制造和使用方法。使用这种工程激酶和这种修饰底物的方法,以确定激酶作用于哪些蛋白质底物,测量这种作用的程度,并确定试验化合物是否能调节这种作用。还有多底物酶的工程形式,这种酶将至少一种(供体)底物的部分或全部共价连接到至少另一种(受体)底物上,这种工程形式将接受野生型酶不易利用的修饰底物。制造和使用这种工程酶的方法。改良底物及其制造和使用方法。使用这种工程酶和这种改良底物的方法,以确定酶作用的受体底物,测量这种作用的程度,以及测量试验化合物是否调节这种作用。