An alternative technique whereby highly reactive carbene or nitrene species are generated from inert precursors under less harsh photolytic, and sometimes thermolytic, conditions has also been investigated for application to dyeing and other surface modifying processes of various natural and synthetic polymers. The chemistry of cargenes and nitrenes is well documented, and these reactive entities are known to form covalent bonds with many types of functional group groups. The application of these species to the surface modification or organic solids using different approaches both for the generation of the required carbenes or nitrenes, and for their reaction with the solid surface has been reported. Interestingly, although nitrenes (often generated from an azide or sulfonylazide precursor under photolytic or thermolytic conditions) are more stable, and therefore less reactive, than their carbene analogues, they have used much more widely for the dyeing of polymeric substrates.
另一种技术是通过在较不严苛的光解和有时热解条件下从惰性前体生成高度反应性的卡宾或亚硝基自由基,已被研究用于染色和其他各种天然和合成聚合物的表面改性过程。卡宾和亚硝基的
化学性质已有充分记录,这些反应性实体已知能与许多类型的官能团形成共价键。这些物种用于有机固体表面改性的应用,采用不同方法生成所需的卡宾或亚硝基,以及它们与固体表面反应的方法已有报道。有趣的是,尽管亚硝基(通常从偶氮或磺酰偶氮前体在光解或热解条件下生成)比其卡宾类似物更稳定,因此反应性更低,但它们在聚合物基质的染色中被广泛使用。