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磷霉素 | 23155-02-4

中文名称
磷霉素
中文别名
(1R,2S)-1,2-环氧顺丙烯磷酸;1,2-环氧丙基膦酸
英文名称
fosfomycin
英文别名
phosphomycin;(1R,2S)-epoxypropylphosphonic acid;(1R, 2S)-1,2-epoxypropylphosphonic acid;FOS;phosphonomycin;fosfomycin tromethamine;ZTI-01;FOF;[(2R,3S)-3-methyloxiran-2-yl]phosphonic acid
磷霉素化学式
CAS
23155-02-4
化学式
C3H7O4P
mdl
——
分子量
138.06
InChiKey
YMDXZJFXQJVXBF-STHAYSLISA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    94°C
  • 沸点:
    342.7±52.0 °C(Predicted)
  • 密度:
    1.56±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)
  • 物理描述:
    Solid
  • 溶解度:
    50 mg/mL (Sodium salt)

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    -1.4
  • 重原子数:
    8
  • 可旋转键数:
    1
  • 环数:
    1.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    1.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    70.1
  • 氢给体数:
    2
  • 氢受体数:
    4

ADMET

代谢
磷霉素不被代谢,主要以原形通过尿液排出。
Fosfomycin is not metabolized and is predominantly excreted unchanged in the urine.
来源:DrugBank
毒理性
  • 肝毒性
磷酸霉素单次口服剂量后,一小部分患者(1-2%)会出现血清转氨酶升高,但发生率与比较抗生素相似。尽管如此,磷酸霉素的产品标签中提到了血清酶升高作为潜在的副作用。此外,已发表了一些因磷酸霉素引起的临床明显肝损伤的案例。发病时间很短,在单次口服剂量后一周内或静脉治疗的第一周内,肝酶升高的模式是混合型或肝细胞型。损伤通常是轻微和自限性的,没有令人信服地将致命性急性肝衰竭、慢性肝炎或消失胆管综合征与磷酸霉素联系起来的案例。描述的案例数量太少,无法建立典型的临床模式,但免疫过敏特征和自身免疫标志物似乎并不常见。
Serum aminotransferase elevations occur in a small proportion of patients after a single oral dose of fosfomycin (1-2%), but at rates similar to those with comparator antibiotics. Nevertheless, serum enzyme elevations are mentioned as potential adverse events in the product label for fosfomycin. In addition, a small number of cases of clinically apparent liver injury attributed to fosfomycin have been published. The time to onset has been short, within one week of a single oral dose or within the first week of intravenous therapy, and the pattern of liver enzyme elevations has been mixed or hepatocellular. The injury has typically been mild and self-limited, and no cases of fatal acute liver failure, chronic hepatitis or vanishing bile duct syndrome have been convincingly linked to fosfomycin. The number of cases described has been too few to establish a typical clinical pattern, but immunoallergic features and autoimmune markers appear to be uncommon.
来源:LiverTox
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
复合物:磷霉素
Compound:fosfomycin
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
药物性肝损伤标注:低药物性肝损伤关注
DILI Annotation:Less-DILI-Concern
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
严重程度等级:6
Severity Grade:6
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
毒理性
  • 药物性肝损伤
“标签部分:不良反应”
Label Section:Adverse reactions
来源:Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank) Dataset
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 吸收
磷霉素是一种低分子量且亲水的药物。口服给药时,磷霉素在小肠中被迅速吸收并广泛分布到组织中。口服生物利用度范围为34-58%。与食物同服时,磷霉素的胃肠道吸收降低至大约30%。报告的药时曲线下面积(AUC)为145-228毫克x小时/升,而报告的最大血药浓度(Cmax)为26.1(±9.1)微克/毫升。
Fosfomycin is a low molecular weight and hydrophilic drug. When administered orally, fosfomycin is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine and distributed widely to the tissues. The oral bioavailability ranges from 34-58%. Co-administration of fosfomycin with food decreases gastrointestinal absorption to approximately 30%. The reported AUC = 145-228 mg x h/L, while the reported Cmax = 26.1 (∓9.1) mcg/mL.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 消除途径
磷霉素几乎全部通过肾脏排泄。食物摄入、肾功能受损和年龄较大等因素可能会降低磷霉素的消除速率。
Fosfomycin is excreted almost entirely by the kidneys. Factors including administration with food, impaired renal function, and older age may reduce the rate of fosfomycin elimination.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 分布容积
在健康受试者中,磷霉素的分布容积(Vd)大约为0.3升/千克。由于血管内皮细胞的变化,在危重病患者中,Vd可高出多达50%。
In healthy subjects, the volume of distribution (Vd) of fosfomycin is approximately 0.3 L/Kg. Due to changes in the vascular endothelium, the Vd can be up to 50% higher in critically ill patients.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 清除
在一项研究中,健康志愿者报告的磷霉素的CL/F为17 ± 4.7 L/小时。
In one study, the reported CL/F of fosfomycin in healthy volunteers was 17 ∓ 4.7 L/hour.
来源:DrugBank

安全信息

  • 海关编码:
    2931900090

SDS

SDS:dddc679189832da31f052b1f6a2dcf23
查看

制备方法与用途

使用效果

对于我们来说,这是一种替代治疗。”来自希腊的研究带头人Ilias Karaiskos博士说,“我们认为如果我们有喹诺酮可以使用,那我们就应该使用喹诺酮,因为许多研究表明喹诺酮在前列腺药效充足,进入前列腺组织内的能力最强。但如果患者体内的病原微生物对喹诺酮产生耐药性,那我会用磷霉素。”

化学性质

磷霉素是一种熔点约94℃的结晶体。临床一般使用其钠盐或钙盐,其中钠盐常用于注射,而钙盐则适用于口服。其钠盐为白色结晶性粉末,具有强烈的吸湿性,极易溶于水,微溶于乙醇和某些有机溶剂;而其钙盐为白色粉末,微溶于水,不溶于丙酮、苯、氯仿及乙醚。

用途

磷霉素是一种广谱抗生素,通过阻止细菌细胞壁的合成而具有杀菌作用,对革兰氏阳性及阴性菌都有效。主要用于治疗由金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、痢疾杆菌等引起的感染。

此外,它还对绿脓杆菌、变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙雷氏菌和某些类型的葡萄球菌有很好的疗效。

生产方法

磷霉素的生产以丙炔醇为原料,经酯化、重排、水解、异构化等一系列步骤得到丙炔基磷酸二钠。随后通过进一步的水解、异构化及氢化反应生成顺丙烯磷酸。最后与(±)-a-苯乙胺成盐,并经过环氧化和拆分而最终制得磷霉素。

上下游信息

  • 下游产品
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    参考文献:
    名称:
    INHALED FOSFOMYCIN/TOBRAMYCIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
    摘要:
    本发明提供了在治疗患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并正在经历或有患急性加重的风险的患者中使用含有磷霉素和托布拉霉素的气雾剂配方。还提供了用于此类用途的配方和治疗COPD患者的方法。
    公开号:
    US20110124589A1
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    phosphomycin disodium salt 在 Dowex 50x8, H(+) 作用下, 以 为溶剂, 生成 磷霉素
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Studies on the biodegradation of fosfomycin: Growth of Rhizobium huakuii PMY1 on possible intermediates synthesised chemically
    摘要:
    R. huakuii PMY1 矿化磷霉素的第一步是水解开环,形成 (1R,2R)-1,2-二羟基丙基膦酸。通过化学方法合成了这种膦酸及其三种立体异构体,并测试了它们作为铵盐的矿化作用,Pi 的释放证明了这一点。只有 (1R,2R)-异构体被降解。化学合成了一些膦酸盐,如(±)-1,2-环氧丁基-、(±)-1,2-二羟乙基-、2-氧代丙基-、(S)-2-羟基丙基-、(±)-1-羟基丙基-和(±)-1-羟基-2-氧代丙基膦酸,但没有一种能支持生长。不过,在最后一种膦酸中检测到了体外 C-P 键裂解活性。由于亚磷酸不能用作磷源,因此必须放弃涉及亚磷酸的机制。R. huakuii PMY1 在(R)-和(S)-乳酸和羟基丙酮上生长良好,但在丙酸上生长较差,在丙酮或(R)-和(±)-1,2-丙二醇上生长不良。从(1R,2R)-1,2-二羟基丙基膦酸中释放出的 Pi 在 PO3H2 组中标记了一个氧-18,但在细胞中停留的时间不够长,无法通过酶的转换将 18O 完全交换为 16O。
    DOI:
    10.1039/b821829c
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文献信息

  • Characterization and structure of DhpI, a phosphonate <i>O</i> -methyltransferase involved in dehydrophos biosynthesis
    作者:Jin-Hee Lee、Brian Bae、Michael Kuemin、Benjamin T. Circello、William W. Metcalf、Satish K. Nair、Wilfred A. van der Donk
    DOI:10.1073/pnas.1006848107
    日期:2010.10.12

    Phosphonate natural products possess a range of biological activities as a consequence of their ability to mimic phosphate esters or tetrahedral intermediates formed in enzymatic reactions involved in carboxyl group metabolism. The dianionic form of these compounds at pH 7 poses a drawback with respect to their ability to mimic carboxylates and tetrahedral intermediates. Microorganisms producing phosphonates have evolved two solutions to overcome this hurdle: biosynthesis of monoanionic phosphinates containing two P-C bonds or esterification of the phosphonate group. The latter solution was first discovered for the antibiotic dehydrophos that contains a methyl ester of a phosphonodehydroalanine group. We report here the expression, purification, substrate scope, and structure of the O -methyltransferase from the dehydrophos biosynthetic gene cluster. The enzyme utilizes S -adenosylmethionine to methylate a variety of phosphonates including 1-hydroxyethylphosphonate, 1,2-dihydroxyethylphosphonate, and acetyl-1-aminoethylphosphonate. Kinetic analysis showed that the best substrates are tripeptides containing as C-terminal residue a phosphonate analog of alanine suggesting the enzyme acts late in the biosynthesis of dehydrophos. These conclusions are corroborated by the X-ray structure that reveals an active site that can accommodate a tripeptide substrate. Furthermore, the structural studies demonstrate a conformational change brought about by substrate or product binding. Interestingly, the enzyme has low substrate specificity and was used to methylate the clinical antibiotic fosfomycin and the antimalaria clinical candidate fosmidomycin, showing its promise for applications in bioengineering.

    膦酸天然产物具有一系列生物活性,这是因为它们能够模拟在羧基代谢中涉及的酶反应中形成的磷酸酯或四面体中间体。这些化合物在pH 7下的二阴离子形式对于模拟羧酸和四面体中间体的能力存在缺陷。产生膦酸的微生物已经演化出两种解决方案来克服这个障碍:合成含有两个P-C键的单阴离子膦酸盐或对膦酸基团进行酯化。后一种解决方案首次发现于含有膦酸脱氢丙氨酸甲酯基团的抗生素脱氢膦。我们在这里报道了脱氢膦生物合成基因簇中的O-甲基转移酶的表达、纯化、底物范围和结构。该酶利用S-腺苷甲硫氨酸对多种膦酸进行甲基化,包括1-羟乙基膦酸、1,2-二羟乙基膦酸和乙酰-1-氨基乙基膦酸。动力学分析表明,最佳底物是三肽,其C-末端残基是丙氨酸的膦酸类似物,这表明该酶在脱氢膦的生物合成过程中起到晚期作用。这些结论得到了X射线结构的证实,揭示了一个可以容纳三肽底物的活性位点。此外,结构研究表明,底物或产物结合引起了构象变化。有趣的是,该酶的底物特异性较低,并且已被用于甲基化临床抗生素磷霉素和抗疟疾临床候选药物磷膜多霉素,显示了其在生物工程应用中的潜力。
  • Mechanistic studies of FosB: a divalent-metal-dependent bacillithiol-S-transferase that mediates fosfomycin resistance in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
    作者:Alexandra A. Roberts、Sunil V. Sharma、Andrew W. Strankman、Shayla R. Duran、Mamta Rawat、Chris J. Hamilton
    DOI:10.1042/bj20121541
    日期:2013.4.1

    FosB is a divalent-metal-dependent thiol-S-transferase implicated in fosfomycin resistance among many pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. In the present paper, we describe detailed kinetic studies of FosB from Staphylococcus aureus (SaFosB) that confirm that bacillithiol (BSH) is its preferred physiological thiol substrate. SaFosB is the first to be characterized among a new class of enzyme (bacillithiol-S-transferases), which, unlike glutathione transferases, are distributed among many low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria that use BSH instead of glutathione as their major low-molecular-mass thiol. The Km values for BSH and fosfomycin are 4.2 and 17.8 mM respectively. Substrate specificity assays revealed that the thiol and amino groups of BSH are essential for activity, whereas malate is important for SaFosB recognition and catalytic efficiency. Metal activity assays indicated that Mn2+ and Mg2+ are likely to be the relevant cofactors under physiological conditions. The serine analogue of BSH (BOH) is an effective competitive inhibitor of SaFosB with respect to BSH, but uncompetitive with respect to fosfomycin. Coupled with NMR characterization of the reaction product (BS–fosfomycin), this demonstrates that the SaFosB-catalysed reaction pathway involves a compulsory ordered binding mechanism with fosfomycin binding first followed by BSH which then attacks the more sterically hindered C-1 carbon of the fosfomycin epoxide. Disruption of BSH biosynthesis in S. aureus increases sensitivity to fosfomycin. Together, these results indicate that SaFosB is a divalent-metal-dependent bacillithiol-S-transferase that confers fosfomycin resistance on S. aureus.

    FosB 是一种依赖二价金属的硫醇-S-转移酶,与许多致病性革兰氏阳性细菌的磷霉素耐药性有关。在本文中,我们描述了对金黄色葡萄球菌(SaFosB)中的 FosB 的详细动力学研究,研究结果证实,杆菌硫醇(BSH)是其首选的生理硫醇底物。与谷胱甘肽转移酶不同,SaFosB分布在许多低G+C革兰氏阳性细菌中,它们使用BSH代替谷胱甘肽作为主要的低分子量硫醇。BSH 和磷霉素的 Km 值分别为 4.2 和 17.8 mM。底物特异性测定显示,BSH 的硫醇和氨基对活性至关重要,而苹果酸盐对 SaFosB 的识别和催化效率至关重要。金属活性测定表明,在生理条件下,Mn2+ 和 Mg2+ 可能是相关的辅助因子。相对于 BSH,BSH 的丝氨酸类似物(BOH)是一种有效的 SaFosB 竞争性抑制剂,但相对于磷霉素则不具竞争性。结合反应产物(BS-磷霉素)的核磁共振特征,这表明 SaFosB 催化反应途径涉及一种强制性有序结合机制,先是磷霉素结合,然后是 BSH 结合,BSH 然后攻击磷霉素环氧化物中立体阻碍较大的 C-1 碳。破坏金黄色葡萄球菌的 BSH 生物合成会增加其对磷霉素的敏感性。这些结果表明,SaFosB 是一种依赖于二价金属的碱性硫醇-S-转移酶,它能使金黄色葡萄球菌对磷霉素产生抗性。
  • Asymmetric epoxidation of cis-1-propenylphosphonic acid (CPPA) catalyzed by chiral tungsten(VI) and molybdenum(VI) complexes
    作者:Xin-Yan Wang、Hong-Chang Shi、Chuan Sun、Zhi-Guo Zhang
    DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.103
    日期:2004.11
    In the presence of 5.0 mol% chiral tungsten(VI) and molybdenum(VI) complexes, the catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of cis-1-propenylphosphonic acid (CPPA) with 30% aqueous H2O2 affording (1R,2S)-(−)-(1, 2)-epoxypropyl phosphonic acid (fosfomycin) was first described. The enantioselectivities of the tungsten and molybdenum catalysts depend strongly on the ligands, reaction temperature and solvent. In
    在存在5.0 mol%手性钨(VI)和钼(VI)配合物的情况下,顺式-1-丙烯基膦酸(CPPA)与30%的H 2 O 2水溶液进行催化不对称环氧化,得到(1 R,2 S)-首先描述(-)-(1,2)-环氧丙基膦酸(磷霉素)。钨和钼催化剂的对映选择性很大程度上取决于配体,反应温度和溶剂。在0°C下的CH 2 Cl 2中持续72 h,复合MoO 2 [(+)-campy] 2在ee最高为80%的CPPA的100%转化中催化不对称环氧化。当前环氧化的机理可以描述为直接发生在双相H 2 O-非质子体系界面上的氧转移。
  • Different Biosynthetic Pathways to Fosfomycin in Pseudomonas syringae and Streptomyces Species
    作者:Seung Young Kim、Kou-San Ju、William W. Metcalf、Bradley S. Evans、Tomohisa Kuzuyama、Wilfred A. van der Donk
    DOI:10.1128/aac.06478-11
    日期:2012.8
    ABSTRACT

    Fosfomycin is a wide-spectrum antibiotic that is used clinically to treat acute cystitis in the United States. The compound is produced by several strains of streptomycetes and pseudomonads. We sequenced the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for fosfomycin production in Pseudomonas syringae PB-5123. Surprisingly, the biosynthetic pathway in this organism is very different from that in Streptomyces fradiae and Streptomyces wedmorensis . The pathways share the first and last steps, involving conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to phosphonopyruvate (PnPy) and 2-hydroxypropylphosphonate (2-HPP) to fosfomycin, respectively, but the enzymes converting PnPy to 2-HPP are different. The genome of P. syringae PB-5123 lacks a gene encoding the PnPy decarboxylase found in the Streptomyces strains. Instead, it contains a gene coding for a citrate synthase-like enzyme, Psf2, homologous to the proteins that add an acetyl group to PnPy in the biosynthesis of FR-900098 and phosphinothricin. Heterologous expression and purification of Psf2 followed by activity assays confirmed the proposed activity of Psf2. Furthermore, heterologous production of fosfomycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a fosmid encoding the fosfomycin biosynthetic cluster from P. syringae PB-5123 confirmed that the gene cluster is functional. Therefore, two different pathways have evolved to produce this highly potent antimicrobial agent.

    摘要 磷霉素是一种广谱抗生素,在美国临床上用于治疗急性膀胱炎。该化合物由多种链霉菌和假单胞菌产生。我们对丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)中负责生产磷霉素的生物合成基因簇进行了测序。 假单胞菌 PB-5123。令人惊讶的是,这种生物的生物合成途径与 链霉菌 和 楔形链霉菌 .这两条途径的第一步和最后一步相同,分别是将磷酸烯醇丙酮酸转化为磷酸丙酮酸(PnPy)和将 2-hydroxypropylphosphonate (2-HPP)转化为磷霉素,但将 PnPy 转化为 2-HPP 的酶却不同。丁香菌的基因组 P. syringae PB-5123 的基因组中缺少编码 PnPy 脱羧酶的基因。 链霉菌 菌株中的 PnPy 脱羧酶编码基因。相反,它含有一个柠檬酸合成酶类酶 Psf2 的编码基因,该酶与在 FR-900098 和膦丝菌素的生物合成过程中向 PnPy 添加乙酰基的蛋白质同源。Psf2 的异源表达和纯化以及活性测定证实了 Psf2 的活性。此外,在铜绿假单胞菌中异源生产磷霉素 铜绿假单胞菌 铜绿假单胞菌中异源生产磷霉素。 P. syringae PB-5123 证实该基因簇具有功能。因此,产生这种强效抗菌剂有两种不同的途径。
  • FORMULATIONS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE AND FOSFOMYCIN COMBINATIONS AND METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR TREATMENT OF VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA (VAP) AND VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED TRACHEAL (VAT) BRONCHITIS
    申请人:Cardeas Pharma Corporation
    公开号:US20150057242A1
    公开(公告)日:2015-02-26
    The present invention is antibiotic compositions, ventilator-based systems and methods relating to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and ventilator-associated tracheal (VAT) bronchitis. Antibiotic combinations of fosfomycin and an aminoglycoside, preferably amikacin, are administered via an inline nebulizer within the airway of the ventilator. Humidified conditions create an improved aerosol mist to treat VAP and VAT.
    本发明涉及抗生素组合物、基于呼吸机的系统和与呼吸机相关的肺炎(VAP)和气管支气管炎(VAT)的治疗方法。将福司莫司和氨基糖苷类药物(优选为阿米卡星)的抗生素组合物通过呼吸机内联雾化器在呼吸机气道内给予。湿度条件创造了改进的气雾剂,以治疗VAP和VAT。
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