Novel spirosuccinimides with incorporated isoindolone and benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide moieties as aldose reductase inhibitors and antihyperglycemic agents
摘要:
Compounds from two novel series of spirosuccinimides were prepared. Analogs of series 2 possessed a spiro-fused isoindolone moiety while those of series 3 contained a spiro-fused benzisothiazole S,S-dioxide group. These compounds were evaluated as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARI) in vitro by their ability to inhibit glyceraldehyde reduction using a partially purified bovine lens aldose reductase preparation and in vivo as inhibitors of galactitol accumulation in the lens, sciatic nerve, and diaphragm of galactose-fed rats. Many members from the isoindolone series 2, particularly those containing an isoindolone N-methyl moiety, showed good in vitro and in vivo potency. The most potent member, the 6-chloro analog 32, was resolved, and aldose reductase activity was found to reside almost exclusively in the (+)-enantiomer. Compound 32 was approximately equipotent in the sciatic nerve of the galactose-fed rat to other cyclic imide ARI's of similar in vitro activity, namely sorbinil and ADN-138 and also to tolrestat, an acetic acid-based ARI (ED50's 4-8 mg/kg). Compounds from both series, 2 and 3, were also found to lower plasma glucose levels of genetically obese db/db and ob/ob mice with potency similar to that of ciglitazone. However, members from these series failed to lower insulin levels of the ob/ob mouse at the doses tested.
Photoexcited Palladium-Initiated Remote Desaturation of <i>N</i>-Alkoxypyridinium Salts
作者:Weiwei Jin、Shouyun Yu
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.2c02036
日期:2022.11.4
1,5-Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is an effective strategy to achieve remote desaturation of nonfunctionalized alkanes. Herein, we report a photoinduced remote desaturation reaction of N-alkoxypyridinium salts, which serve as alkoxyl radical precursors. Mechanistic studies show that a single electrontransferbetween the excited palladium complex and a N-alkoxypyridinium salt initiates a radical chain