Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces.
Uremic toxins such as spermine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).
Spermine is derived from spermidine by spermine synthase. Spermine is a polyamine, a small organic cations that is absolutely required for eukaryotic cell growth. Spermine, is normally found in millimolar concentrations in the nucleus. Spermine functions directly as a free radical scavenger, and forms a variety of adducts that prevent oxidative damage to DNA. Oxidative damage to DNA by reactive oxygen species is a continual problem that cells must guard against to survive. Hence, spermine is a major natural intracellular compound capable of protecting DNA from free radical attack. Spermine is also implicated in the regulation of gene expression, the stabilization of chromatin, and the prevention of endonuclease-mediated DNA fragmentation.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
长期暴露于尿毒症毒素可能会导致多种疾病,包括肾脏损伤、慢性肾病和心血管疾病。
Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
[EN] SULFATED MOLECULAR UMBRELLAS CONTAINING 6-200 CHOLANIC ACID (DERIVATIVE) UNITS AS ANTI-HIV AND ANTI-HSV AGENTS [FR] PARAPLUIES MOLECULAIRES SULFATES EN TANT QU'AGENTS ANTI-VIH ET ANTI-VHS
Eflornithine Prodrugs, Conjugates and Salts, and Methods of Use Thereof
申请人:Xu Feng
公开号:US20100120727A1
公开(公告)日:2010-05-13
In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition of a covalent conjugate of an eflornithine analog with an anti-inflammatory drug. In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition of an eflornithine prodrug. In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition of an eflornithine or its derivatives aspirin salt. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer using the conjugates or salts of eflornithine analogs or eflornithine prodrugs.
Water-soluble discrete multi-biotin-containing compounds with at least three (3) biotin moieties are disclosed. The water-soluble biotin-containing compounds may additionally comprise one or more moieties that confer resistance to cleavage by biotinidase or that is cleavable in vitro or in vivo. The discrete multi-biotin-containing compounds may include a reactive moiety that provides a site for reaction with yet another moiety, such as a targeting, diagnostic or therapeutic functional moiety. Biotinylation reagents comprising water-soluble linker moieties are also disclosed and may additionally comprise a biotinidase protective group. Methods for amplifying the number of sites for binding biotin-binding proteins at a selected target using multi-biotin compounds also are disclosed.
[EN] ALANINE-BASED MODULATORS OF PROTEOLYSIS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE<br/>[FR] MODULATEURS DE PROTÉOLYSE À BASE D'ALANINE ET PROCÉDÉS D'UTILISATION ASSOCIÉS
申请人:ARVINAS INC
公开号:WO2017011590A1
公开(公告)日:2017-01-19
The description relates to inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (TAPs) binding compounds, including Afunctional compounds comprising the same, which find utility as modulators of targeted ubiquitination, especially inhibitors of a variety of polypeptides and other proteins which are degraded and/or otherwise inhibited by bifunctional compounds according to the present invention. In particular, the description provides compounds, which contain on one end a ligand which binds to the IAP E3 ubiquitin ligase and on the other end a moiety which binds a target protein such that the target protein is placed in proximity to the ubiquitin ligase to effect degradation (and inhibition) of that protein. Compounds can be synthesized that exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities consistent with the degradation/inhibition of targeted polypeptides of nearly any type.
relationship studies. Despite the extensive modifications, the binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is in the low micromolar range according to an inhibition assay using 3H-thienylcyclohexyl-piperidine (TCP). A patch clamp functional assay gave comparable results. Compounds exemplified by 16, which consists of a biotinylated ligand linked to a bifunctionalphotoaffinityprobe (BPP), represent
[EN] BIOACTIVE CONJUGATES FOR OLIGONUCLEOTIDE DELIVERY<br/>[FR] CONJUGUÉS BIOACTIFS POUR L'ADMINISTRATION D'OLIGONUCLÉOTIDES
申请人:UNIV MASSACHUSETTS
公开号:WO2017030973A1
公开(公告)日:2017-02-23
Provided herein are self-delivering oligonucleotides that are characterized by efficient RISC entry, minimum immune response and off-target effects, efficient cellular uptake without formulation, and efficient and specific tissue distribution.