Bone changes resulting from avulsions involving vertebral endplates have had little, if any, systematic attention in palaeopathological literature. To gain insight into their occurrence and into their variety, two archaeological skeletal collections covering the period AD 1455-1824 were examined. Additional skeletal material was used to illustrate typical examples. A quarter of the 44 adults who had adequate numbers of vertebrae at all spinal levels showed minor to major vertebral endplate changes as a result of avulsion injuries. The male/female ratio was 7:4. The ration of individuals with injuries contracted during their youth and during their adulthood was 3:8 (n=11). Approximately half of the affected individuals showed such changes in multiple vertebrae. In about one third of the cases, concomitant vertebral fractures, which did not involve the endplates, were recorded. Since the existing classifications of endplate changes from avulsion injuries were developed on the basis of clinical diagnoses made by means of X-ray or by autopsy, an adapted and extended outline for palaeopathological use is proposed. A series of differential diagnoses is discussed. Although, in general, the poor preservation of archaeological spines hampers epidemiology, the diagnosis of spinal avulsion injuries offers interesting information at the individual level. Copyright (c) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homonymous hemianopia in a pug with necrotising meningoencephalitis
摘要:
A 24‐month‐old female pug, which had previously been treated for visual hemifield loss, was referred with generalised seizures and other neurological disorders. A diagnosis of necrotising meningoencephalitis was suggested from the clinical signs together with the results of computed tomography and cerebrospinal fluid examination. This was confirmed seven months later by histological examination of the brain following euthanasia. Typical histopathological lesions of the disease were found in various areas of both cerebral hemispheres, including the visual striated cortex of the right cerebrum.
External oxidant-free cross-coupling: electrochemically induced aromatic C–H phosphonation of azoles with dialkyl-<i>H</i>-phosphonates under silver catalysis
作者:E. O. Yurko、T. V. Gryaznova、K. V. Kholin、V. V. Khrizanforova、Y. H. Budnikova
DOI:10.1039/c7dt03650g
日期:——
phosphorus precursors and intermediates using cyclic voltammetry, ESR, and NMR spectroscopy were investigated, and a radical process mechanism was proposed. It has been found that AgP(O)(OEt)2 is oxidized earlier than other components of the reaction mixture with the elimination of a radical. The ESR spectrum of this radical's adduct was obtained in the presence of the radical trap PBN. Ag2+ is out of
Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C–P Cross-Coupling of Alkenyl Acids with P(O)H Compounds
作者:Yile Wu、Liu Leo Liu、Kaili Yan、Pengxiang Xu、Yuxing Gao、Yufen Zhao
DOI:10.1021/jo501321m
日期:2014.9.5
The first nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative C–P coupling of a wide range of alkenyl acids with various P(O)Hcompounds, especially for H-phosphonates, has been developed, affording a versatile and efficient tool for the preparation of valuable (E)-1-alkenylphosphonates, (E)-1-alkenylphosphinate oxides, and (E)-1-alkenylphosphine oxides with high stereoselectivity and broad substrate applicability. DFT
Arylpalladium Phosphonate Complexes as Reactive Intermediates in Phosphorus−Carbon Bond Forming Reactions
作者:Mark C. Kohler、Thomas V. Grimes、Xiaoping Wang、Thomas R. Cundari、Robert A. Stockland
DOI:10.1021/om800906m
日期:2009.2.23
reactions, palladiumcomplexes containing electron-donating substituents on the aromatic fragment exhibited faster rates of reductiveelimination. Large biteanglediphosphine ligands induced rapid rates of elimination, while bipyridine and small biteanglediphosphine ligands resulted in much slower rates of elimination. An investigation of the effect of typical impurities on the elimination reaction
Steric and Electronic Effects on Arylphosphonate Elimination from Organopalladium Complexes
作者:Mark C. Kohler、Robert A. Stockland,、Nigam P. Rath
DOI:10.1021/om060662i
日期:2006.11.1
To study the effects of electronic and steric manipulation of metal-bound aryl fragments on arylphosphonate formation, model organopalladium complexes have been prepared and investigated. While no phosphorus−carbon bond formation was observed at 25 °C, all of the arylpalladium phosphonates underwent clean reductive elimination in C6D6 solutions at elevated temperatures. The incorporation of electron-donating
为了研究金属结合的芳基片段的电子和空间操纵对芳基膦酸酯形成的影响,已经制备并研究了模型有机钯配合物。尽管在25°C时未观察到磷碳键的形成,但所有芳基钯膦酸酯均在C 6 D 6中进行了干净的还原消除。高温下的溶液。给电子基团结合到金属结合的芳基片段中加速了消除过程,而含有带有吸电子或邻位取代基的芳基的钯配合物则显示出较慢的消除速率。尽管芳基膦酸酯形成的速率取决于与金属结合的芳基片段的性质,但它对膦酸酯部分的身份相当不敏感。这些结果证明了在P(O)-C键形成反应中消除物种的电子和空间组成发生细微变化的结果。
The salts of organic phosphorus acids—II(1) The infra-red spectra of salts of di-alkyl phosphites
作者:T.D. Smith
DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(60)80015-2
日期:1960.9
The infra-redspectra of the sodium, magnesium, silver and mercury salts of a number of di-alkyl phosphites have been recorded and correlated with structural changes imposed upon the di-alkyl phosphite anion by the metal ion present.