n]Triple-layered paracyclophanes underwent bromination to give exclusively monobromo derivatives substituted to the inner benzene. The reactions were markedly accelerated by the transannular electronic interaction as compared to [n]- and double-layered paracyclophanes, and their enhanced reactivities were demonstrated by some competitive reactions. The relative rates of [2.2] and [3.3]systems are in reverse
Four novel organic dyes (H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4) containing phenyl-thiophenyl-thiophenyl as a bridge unit were synthesized and effectively used for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In both compounds, a triarylamine moiety and cyanoacrylic acid function as an electron donor and an electron acceptor, respectively. H-1 and H-3 exhibited high interaction between lithium ions and [3.3]para-cyclophane, resulting in low charge recombination and high open-circuit voltage (V-oc). When deoxycholic acid was used as a coadsorbent, the optimal device performance was observed in H-3, involving a short-circuit current of 16.96 mA cm(-2), a V-oc of 705 mV, and a fill factor of 0.64, which correspond to an overall conversion efficiency of 7.55%. Photophysical properties were analyzed using a time-dependent density functional theory model and the B3LYP functional. Furthermore, the electronic characteristics of the DSSCs were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and controlled intensity modulated photospectroscopy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Macro rings. XXXIX. Syntheses and spectral properties of the aromatic monosubstituted derivatives of [3.3]paracyclophane