Very stable in neutral and acidic media. Hydrolyzed in strongly alkaline media. Thermally stable up to 220 °C. Field data indicate that in practice it is stable to air and light.
The metabolic pathways for the breakdown of the pyrethroids vary little between mammalian species but vary somewhat with structure. ... Essentially, pyrethrum and allethrin are broken down mainly by oxidation of the isobutenyl side chain of the acid moiety and of the unsaturated side chain of the alcohol moiety with ester hydrolysis playing and important part, whereas for the other pyrethroids ester hydrolysis predominates. /Pyrethrum and pyrethroids/
The relative resistance of mammals to the pyrethroids is almost wholly attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid & alcohol components, since direct injection into the mammalian CNS leads to a susceptibility similar to that seen in insects. Some additional resistance of homeothermic organisms can also be attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of action of the pyrethroids, which are thus less toxic at mammalian body temperatures, but the major effect is metabolic. Metabolic disposal of the pyrethroids is very rapid, which means that toxicity is high by the iv route, moderate by slower oral absorption, & often unmeasureably low by dermal absorption. /Pyrethroids/
FASTEST BREAKDOWN IS SEEN WITH PRIMARY ALCOHOL ESTERS OF TRANS-SUBSTITUTED ACIDS SINCE THEY UNDERGO RAPID HYDROLYTIC & OXIDATIVE ATTACK. FOR ALL SECONDARY ALCOHOL ESTERS & FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOL CIS-SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATES, OXIDATIVE ATTACK IS PREDOMINANT. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are reportedly inactivated in the GI tract following ingestion. In animals, pyrethrins are rapidly metabolized to water soluble, inactive compounds. /Pyrethrins/
Synthetic pyrethroids are generally metabolized in mammals through ester hydrolysis, oxidation, and conjugation, and there is no tendency to accumulate in tissues. In the environment, synthetic pyrethroids are fairly rapidly degraded in soil and in plants. Ester hydrolysis and oxidation at various sites on the molecule are the major degradation processes. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
IDENTIFICATION: Alpha-cypermethrin is a highly active pyrethroid insecticide, effective against a wide range of pests encountered in agriculture and animal husbandry. It is supplied as emulsifiable concentrate, ultra-low-volume formulation, suspension concentrate and in mixtures with other insecticides. The technical product is a crystalline powder with good solubility in acetone, cyclohexanone and xylene, but its solubility in water is low. It is stable under acidic and neutral conditions. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Exposure of the general population to alpha-cypermethrin is negligible, provided its use follows good agricultural practice. With good work practices, hygiene measures, and safety precautions, the use of alpha-cypermethrin is unlikely to present a hazard to those occupationally exposed to it. The occurrence of "facial sensations" is an indication of exposure. Under these circumstances work practices should be reviewed. ANIMAL STUDIES: Alpha-cypermethrin has moderate to high acute oral toxicity to rodents. Acute oral exposure results in clinical signs associated with central nervous system activity. Technical alpha-cypermetrhrin has been reported to be minimally irritating to rabbit skin. Some formulations cause severe eye irritations. In guinea-pigs, alpha-cypermethrin caused stimulation of sensory nerve-endings in the skin. An oral study in rats demonstrated that alpha-cypermethrin induces neurotoxicity due to histopathological alterations of the tibial and sciatic nerves, axonal degeneration and increased beta-galactosidase activity. No data are available on long-term toxicity, reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, or carcinogenicity. From the available data on alpha-cypermethrin, it can be concluded that this compound is non-mutagenic in tests with Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in vivo and in vitro tests with rat liver cells for the induction of chromosome aberration and production of DNA single-strand damage. Alpha-cypermethrin is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates, fish, and bees.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
副作用
神经毒素 - 其他中枢神经系统神经毒素
Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
毒性数据
LC50（大鼠）> 400 mg/m³/4h
LC50 (rat) > 400 mg/m3/4h
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ... /Pyrethroid/
Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metab in arthropods. When piperonyl butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
1. Dose excretion studies with cypermethrin (as a 1:1 cis/trans mixture) and alphacypermethrin (one of the two disasteroisomer pairs which constitute cis-cypermethrin) were out with, in each case, two volunteers per dose level. The studies included (a) single oral alphacypermethrin doses of 0.25 mg, 0.50 mg and 0.75 mg followed by repeated alphacypermethrin doses at the same levels, daily for five days, (b) repeated oral cypermethrin doses of 0.25 mg, 0.75 mg and 1.5 mg daily for five days, and (c) a single dermal application of 25 mg cypermethrin to the forearm. Urine was monitored for the free and conjugated 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid before and after dosing. 2. Metabolism and rate of excretion of a single oral dose of alphacypermethrin was similar to that of cis cypermethrin, on average, 43% of the dose was excreted as the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in the first 24 hr urine. There was no increase in urinary metabolite excretion when alphacypermethrin was administered as a repeated oral dose. Subjects excreted, on average, 49% of the dose as the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in the subsequent 24 hr periods after dosing. 3. There was no increase in the urinary cyclopropanecarboxylic acid excretion when cypermethrin was administered as a repeated oral dose. Subjects excreted, on average, 72% of the trans isomer dose and 45% of the cis isomer dose respectively in the subsequent 24 hr periods after dosing. 4. Approximately 0.1% of the applied dermal dose of 25 mg cypermethrin was excreted within 72 hr as the urinary cyclopropanecarboxylic acid. No conclusions can be drawn from such urinary excretion data as to the concentration of cypermethrin and its metabolites in the skin or other organs, or the possibility of other routes of metabolism or excretion.
WHEN RADIOACTIVE PYRETHROID IS ADMIN ORALLY TO MAMMALS, IT IS ABSORBED FROM INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE ANIMALS & DISTRIBUTED IN EVERY TISSUE EXAMINED. EXCRETION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN RATS ADMIN TRANS-ISOMER: DOSAGE: 500 MG/KG; INTERVAL 20 DAYS; URINE 36%; FECES 64%; TOTAL 100%. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are absorbed through intact skin when applied topically. When animals were exposed to aerosols of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide being released into the air, little or none of the combination was systemically absorbed. /Pyrethrins/
Although limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids, rapid biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes (ester hydrolysis and oxidation) is probably the major factor responsible. Most pyrethroid metabolites are promptly excreted, at least in part, by the kidney. /Pyrethroids/
Self-water dispersible particle made of biodegradable polyester and process for the preparation thereof
申请人：DAINIPPON INK AND CHEMICALS, INC.
公开号：EP0955331A2
公开（公告）日：1999-11-10
A self-water dispersible particle made of a biodegradable polyester and a process for the preparation of an aqueous dispersion of self-water dispersible particles made of a biodegradable polyester containing a hydrophobic core material, which comprises reacting a biodegradable polyester containing hydroxyl group with a polyvalent carboxylic acid or anhydride or chloride thereof, dissolving or dispersing the biodegradable polyester having acid groups thus obtained and a hydrophobic core material in an organic solvent, adding a base to the solution with stirring to neutralize to form the salt of the biodegradable polyester, and then adding water to the solution or dispersion to undergo phase inversion emulsification are disclosed. According to the present invention, a self-water dispersible particle made of a biodegradable polyester having varied average particle diameters of the order of nanometer free of urethane bond and excellent in biodegradability, an aqueous dispersion thereof, a self-water dispersible particle made of a biodegradable polyester comprising a hydrophobic core material encapsulated therein excellent in gradual releasability such as pesticide, and a process for the simple preparation of these products without using any auxiliary stabilizing material such as emulsifying agent or any high speed agitator can be provided.
PROCEDE DE LUTTE CONTRE LES ARTHROPODES RAVAGEURS DES CULTURES ET COMPOSITION UTILE POUR CE PROCEDE
申请人：BASF Agro B.V., Arnhem (NL), Wädenswil-Branch
公开号：EP1261255B1
公开（公告）日：2007-06-06
INSECTICIDAL AND MITICIDAL MIXTURES OF BIFENTHRIN AND CYANO-PYRETHROIDS
申请人：FMC CORPORATION
公开号：EP1962592A2
公开（公告）日：2008-09-03
US6190773B1
申请人：——
公开号：US6190773B1
公开（公告）日：2001-02-20
[EN] INSECTICIDAL AND MITICIDAL MIXTURES OF BIFENTHRIN AND CYANO-PYRETHROIDS<br/>[FR] MELANGES INSECTICIDES ET ACARICIDES CONTENANT DE LA BIFENTHRINE ET DES CYANOPYRETHROIDES
申请人：FMC CORP
公开号：WO2007076028A2
公开（公告）日：2007-07-05
[EN] The present invention is directed to novel insecticidal and/or miticidal compositions comprising bifenthrin and a cyano-pyrethroid. The compositions exhibit an unexpected increase in insecticidal activity as compared to the insecticidal activity of the individual components. [FR] La présente invention concerne de nouvelles compositions insecticides et/ou acaricides comprenant de la bifenthrine et un cyanopyréthroïde. Ces compositions font preuve d'une activité insecticide accrue inattendue, par comparaison avec l'activité insecticide des composants pris individuellement.
