AbstractHumanity is currently facing various diseases with significant mortality rates, particularly those associated with malignancies. Numerous enzymes and proteins have been identified as highly promising targets for the treatment of cancer. The poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases (PARPs) family comprises 17 members which are essential in DNA damage repair, allowing the survival of cancer cells. Unlike other PARP family members, PARP‐1 and, to a lesser extent, PARP‐2 show more than 90% activity in response to DNA damage. PARP‐1 levels were shown to be elevated in various tumor cells, including breast, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer and melanomas. Accordingly, novel series of phthalimide‐tethered isatins (6a‐n, 10a‐e, and 11a‐e) were synthesized as potential PARP‐1 inhibitors endowed with anticancer activity. All the synthesized molecules were assessed against PARP‐1, where compounds 6f and 10d showed nanomolar activities with IC50 = 15.56 ± 2.85 and 13.65 ± 1.42 nM, respectively. Also, the assessment of the antiproliferative effects of the synthesized isatins was conducted on four cancer cell lines: leukemia (K‐562), liver (HepG2), and breast (MCF‐7 and HCC1937) cancers. Superiorly, compounds 6f and 10d demonstrated submicromolar IC50 values against breast cancer MCF‐7 (IC50 = 0.92 ± 0.18 and 0.67 ± 0.12 µM, respectively) and HCC1937 (IC50 = 0.88 ± 0.52 and 0.53 ± 0.11 µM, respectively) cell lines. In addition, compounds 6f and 10d induced arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle as compared to untreated cells. Finally, in silico studies, including docking and molecular dynamic simulations, were performed to justify the biological results.
摘要人类目前正面临着各种死亡率极高的疾病,尤其是与恶性肿瘤相关的疾病。许多酶和蛋白质已被确定为极有希望的癌症治疗靶点。多聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARPs)家族由 17 个成员组成,它们在 DNA 损伤修复中起着至关重要的作用,使癌细胞得以存活。与 PARP 家族的其他成员不同,PARP-1 和 PARP-2(在较低程度上)在 DNA 损伤时显示出 90% 以上的活性。研究表明,PARP-1 的水平在各种肿瘤细胞中都会升高,包括乳腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌和黑色素瘤。因此,我们合成了一系列新型邻苯二甲酰亚胺拴异汀(6a-n、10a-e 和 11a-e),作为具有抗癌活性的潜在 PARP-1 抑制剂。对所有合成的分子进行了抗 PARP-1 评估,其中化合物 6f 和 10d 显示出纳摩尔活性,IC50 分别为 15.56 ± 2.85 和 13.65 ± 1.42 nM。此外,还在四种癌细胞系(白血病(K-562)、肝癌(HepG2)和乳腺癌(MCF-7 和 HCC1937))上评估了合成的异汀类化合物的抗增殖作用。其中,化合物 6f 和 10d 对乳腺癌 MCF-7(IC50 分别为 0.92 ± 0.18 和 0.67 ± 0.12 µM)和 HCC1937(IC50 分别为 0.88 ± 0.52 和 0.53 ± 0.11 µM)细胞系的 IC50 值均为亚摩尔级。此外,与未经处理的细胞相比,化合物 6f 和 10d 可诱导细胞周期 G2/M 期的停滞。最后,还进行了包括对接和分子动力学模拟在内的硅学研究,以证明生物学结果的正确性。