New synthetic sulfone derivatives inhibit growth, adhesion and the leucine arylamidase APE2 gene expression of Candida albicans in vitro
摘要:
The successful preventing and effective treatment of invasive Candida albicans infections required research focused on synthesis of new classes of agents and antifungal activity studies. Bromodichlorom-ethyl-4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl sulfone (named compound 6); dichloromethyl-4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl sulfone (named 7); and chlorodibromomethyl-4-hydrazino-3-nitrophenyl sulfone (named 11) on inhibition of planktonic cells' growth, leucine arylamidase APE2 gene expression, and adhesion to epithelial cells were investigated. In vitro anti-Candida activities were determined against wild-types, and the morphogenesis mutants: Delta efg1 and Delta cph1. MICs of compounds 6, 7 and 11 (concentrated at 0.25-16 mu g/ml) were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Broth Microdilution Method (M27-A3 Document). APE2 expression was analyzed using RT-PCR; relative quantification was normalized against ACT1 in cells growth in YEPD and on Caco-2 cell line. Adherence assay of C. albicans to Caco-2 was performed in 24-well-plate.The structure activity relationship suggested that sulfone containing hydrazine function at C-1 (compound 11) showed higher antifungal activity (cell inhibition% = 100 at 1-16 mu g/ml) than the remaining sulfones with chlorine at C-1. Delta cph1/Delta efg1 was highly sensitive to compound 11, while the sensitivity was reduced in Delta cph1/Delta efg1:: EFG1 (% = 100 at 16-fold higher concentration). Compound 11 significantly affected adherence to epithelium (P <= 0.05) and hyphae formation. The APE2 up-regulation plays role in sulfones' resistance on MAP kinase pathway. Either CPH1 or EFG1 play a role in the resistance mechanism in sulfones. The strain-dependent phenomenon is a factor in the sulfone resistance mechanism. Sulfones' mode of action was attributed to reduced virulence arsenal in terms of adhesiveness and pathogenic potential related to the APE2 expression and morphogenesis. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A simple and efficient synthesis of trihalomethyl and dihalonitromethyl aryl sulfones
作者:Krzysztof M. Borys、Maciej D. Korzyński、Zbigniew Ochal
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.121
日期:2012.11
identical or different halogens is presented. The synthesis is based on the reaction of aryl methyl, aryl halomethyl, or aryl nitromethyl sulfones with sodium hypohalite. The method is simple in implementation, does not necessarily require the use of organic solvents, and selectively affords the products in good to excellent yields. Notably, it allows the preparation of the hitherto unknown phenyl trihalomethyl
The successful preventing and effective treatment of invasive Candida albicans infections required research focused on synthesis of new classes of agents and antifungal activity studies. Bromodichlorom-ethyl-4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl sulfone (named compound 6); dichloromethyl-4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl sulfone (named 7); and chlorodibromomethyl-4-hydrazino-3-nitrophenyl sulfone (named 11) on inhibition of planktonic cells' growth, leucine arylamidase APE2 gene expression, and adhesion to epithelial cells were investigated. In vitro anti-Candida activities were determined against wild-types, and the morphogenesis mutants: Delta efg1 and Delta cph1. MICs of compounds 6, 7 and 11 (concentrated at 0.25-16 mu g/ml) were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Broth Microdilution Method (M27-A3 Document). APE2 expression was analyzed using RT-PCR; relative quantification was normalized against ACT1 in cells growth in YEPD and on Caco-2 cell line. Adherence assay of C. albicans to Caco-2 was performed in 24-well-plate.The structure activity relationship suggested that sulfone containing hydrazine function at C-1 (compound 11) showed higher antifungal activity (cell inhibition% = 100 at 1-16 mu g/ml) than the remaining sulfones with chlorine at C-1. Delta cph1/Delta efg1 was highly sensitive to compound 11, while the sensitivity was reduced in Delta cph1/Delta efg1:: EFG1 (% = 100 at 16-fold higher concentration). Compound 11 significantly affected adherence to epithelium (P <= 0.05) and hyphae formation. The APE2 up-regulation plays role in sulfones' resistance on MAP kinase pathway. Either CPH1 or EFG1 play a role in the resistance mechanism in sulfones. The strain-dependent phenomenon is a factor in the sulfone resistance mechanism. Sulfones' mode of action was attributed to reduced virulence arsenal in terms of adhesiveness and pathogenic potential related to the APE2 expression and morphogenesis. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.