Catalyst structural effects in titanocene-catalyzed pinacol coupling: activity, stereoselectivity and mechanistic implications
摘要:
The effects of catalyst structural variation on the activity and selectivity of titanocene-catalyzed pinacol coupling of cyclohexane carboxaldehyde by Mn/TMSCl have been evaluated. Complexes which have been tested include: Cp2TiCl2 (1), Cp2TiBr2 (2), (C5Me5)(2)TiCl2 (3), (1,3-t-Bu2C5H3)(2)TiCl2 (4), (1,3-t-Bu2C5H3)(Cp)TiCl2 (5), ansa-[(eta (5)-tetrahydroindenyl)CH2CH2(eta (5)-tetrahydroindenyl)]TiCl2 (6), and ansa-[(eta (5)-Cp)CH2CH2(eta (5)-fluorenyl)]TiCl2 (7). Cp2TiCl2 (1) is the most active (pre)catalyst for pinacol silylether (8a) formation, but Brintzinger's complex 6 provides the best DL/meso diastereoselectivity (5:1). Complexes 2, 4 and 7 slowly catalyze the predominant formation of the corresponding pinacol acetal 9a as a secondary product. Comparative stoichiometric reactions of benzaldehyde/Me3SiCl with [Cp2TiCl . -MnCl2(THF)(2). Cp2TiCl] (10) and [Cp2TiCl](2) (11) result in highly diastereoselective pinacol silylether formation with binuclear 11 (29:1), but primarily the production of pinacol acetal (9b) from trimetallic 10, suggesting a dominant role for the binuclear complex (or derived mononuclear species) in the catalytic systems employing Cp2TiCl2/M/TMSCl, contrary to previous suggestions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A highly dl-stereoselective pinacolization of aromatic aldehydes mediated by titanium trichloride in dichloromethane
作者:Angelo Clerici、Laura Clerici、Ombretta Porta
DOI:10.1016/0040-4039(96)00462-5
日期:1996.4
Aromaticaldehydes are stereoselectively coupled to dl-hydrobenzoins on treatment with anhydrous TiCl3/CH2Cl2 solution at room temperature. The observed stereochemistry is briefly discussed in term of Ti(IV)-bridging control.