Highly Selective Primary Alkoxycarboxylation and Esterification of Unprotected Pyranose Derivatives Mediated by Scandium(III) Triflate Catalysis
作者:Michael S. McClure、Malcolm B. Berry、Darren Caine、Claire Crawford、Brian C. Crump、Bobby N. Glover、Sandeep B. Kedia、Alan Millar、Mark B. Mitchell、Christopher J. Nichols、Daniel E. Patterson、Jeremiah Powers
DOI:10.1002/ejoc.201200261
日期:2012.7
A highlyselective method for the alkoxycarboxylation and acylation of primary alcohols of pyranosederivatives is described. The reaction is high yielding and proceeds under mild conditions with 0.15–1 mol-% Sc(OTf)3 used in combination with anhydrides or pyrocarbonates at 40–50 °C. Selectivities observed for alkoxycarboxylation of unprotectedpyranosederivatives are > 95 %, and this constitutes
Electrogenerated bases promote the reaction between primary alcohols and carbondioxide to give organic carbonates in excellent yields. Secondary alcohols are converted in moderate yields, whereas tertiary alcohols and phenols are unreactive. 1,2-Diols give a mixture of both cyclic and linear di- and monocarbonates. These latter are intermediates in the reaction pathway leading to the cyclic derivatives
Electrochemically activated CO2 reacts, under mild conditions, with primary and secondary alcohols bearing a leaving group at the alpha-position affording the corresponding cyclic carbonates in high yields; unsubstituted alcohols are converted, after addition of EtI, into the corresponding unsymmetrical ethyl carbonates in moderate to good yields. Tertiary alcohols and phenols are stable to the reagent. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
A Safe and Mild Synthesis of Organic Carbonates from Alkyl Halides and Tetrabutylammonium Alkyl Carbonates
A safe and mild procedure for the synthesis of mixed organic carbonates is described. Reaction of commercially available tetrabutylammonium methoxide and ethoxide with carbon dioxide yields the corresponding methyl and ethyl tetrabutylammonium carbonates (TBAMC and TBAEC). The reactions of these new compounds with several different alkyl halides give methyl and ethyl carbonates in high yields. The use of classic toxic and harmful chemicals such as phosgene and carbon monoxide is avoided.