5-hydroxyisourate | 6960-30-1

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机杂环化合物 - 咪唑并嘧啶类
• 英文名称: 5-hydroxyisourate
• 英文别名: 5-hydroxy-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6,8-trione
• CAS: 6960-30-1
• 化学式: C₅H₄N₄O₄
• 分子量: 184.111
• InChiKey: LTQYPAVLAYVKTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 密度：
  2.65±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -2.3
• 重原子数：
  13
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.2
• 拓扑面积：
  120
• 氢给体数：
  4
• 氢受体数：
  4

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  5-hydroxyisourate 在 phosphate buffer 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 尿囊素
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Goyal, Rajendra N.; Mittal, Alok; Agarwal, Divya, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1994, vol. 72, # 7, p. 1668 - 1674

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  尿酸 在 溶剂黄146 作用下， 以 水 为溶剂， 生成 5-hydroxyisourate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  使用解吸电喷雾电离质谱法鉴定短暂的电化学反应中间体

  摘要：

  我们报告了一种使用“水车”工作电极设置对电化学反应中短暂反应中间体进行质谱检测的新方法。此设置的灵感来自解吸电喷雾电离 (DESI) 质谱法，其中采样时间为毫秒级，可直接从工作电极表面采样以进行质谱分析。我们提供的数据显示了尿酸电化学氧化的二亚胺中间体的形成，其在溶液中的寿命为 23 ms，以及为黄嘌呤电氧化形成类似二亚胺物种提供证据的数据，其具有以前没有观察到。

  DOI：

  10.1021/jacs.5b03862

文献信息

• METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF ANALYTES
  申请人：Trustees of Dartmouth College

  公开号：US20210262970A1

  公开（公告）日：2021-08-26

  In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of detecting an analyte in a sample by associating the sample with an electrode that includes a metal-organic framework. After association, the redox properties of the electrode are evaluated. Thereafter, the presence or absence of the analyte in the sample is detected by correlating the redox properties of the electrode to the presence or absence of the analyte. In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to electrodes that include a metal-organic framework and an electrode surface. In particular embodiments of the present disclosure, the metal-organic framework is associated with the electrode surface. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of making the electrodes of the present disclosure by associating a metal-organic framework with an electrode surface. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure also include a step of mixing the metal-organic framework with a polymer.

  在某些实施例中，本公开涉及通过将样品与包含金属-有机框架的电极相关联来检测样品中的分析物的方法。在关联后，评估电极的氧化还原性质。然后，通过将电极的氧化还原性质与分析物的存在或缺失相关联来检测样品中的分析物的存在或缺失。在某些实施例中，本公开涉及包括金属-有机框架和电极表面的电极。在本公开的特定实施例中，金属-有机框架与电极表面相关联。本公开的其他实施例涉及通过将金属-有机框架与电极表面相关联来制备本公开的电极的方法。在某些实施例中，本公开的方法还包括将金属-有机框架与聚合物混合的步骤。
• Correction: Absolute stereochemistry and preferred conformations of urate degradation intermediates from computed and experimental circular dichroism spectra
  作者：Silvio Pipolo、Riccardo Percudani、Roberto Cammi

  DOI：10.1039/c6ob90042a

  日期：——

  Correction for ‘Absolute stereochemistry and preferred conformations of urate degradation intermediates from computed and experimental circular dichroism spectra’ by Silvio Pipolo et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2011, 9, 5149–5155.

  Silvio Pipolo等人对“从计算和实验的圆二色性光谱中得出的绝对立体化学和尿酸盐降解中间体的优选构型进行校正” 。，组织。生物分子。化学 ，2011，9，5149-5155。
• Nanoscale Enzymatic Compartments in Tandem Support Cascade Reactions in Vitro
  作者：Andrea Belluati、Ioana Craciun、Juan Liu、Cornelia G. Palivan

  DOI：10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01019

  日期：2018.10.8

  Compartmentalization at the nanoscale is fundamental in nature, where the spatial segregation of biochemical reactions within cells ensures optimal conditions for regulating metabolic pathways. Here, we present a nature-inspired approach to engineer enzymatic cascade reactions taking place between separate vesicular nanocompartments (polymersomes), each containing one enzyme type. We propose, by the selected combination of enzymes, an efficient solution to detoxify the harmful effect of uric acid and prevent the accumulation of the derived H2O2, both being associated with various pathological conditions (e.g., gout and oxidative stress). Fungal uricase and horseradish peroxidase combined to act in tandem, and they were separately encapsulated within nanocompartments that were equipped with channel porins as gates to allow passage of substrates and products from each step of the reaction. We established the molecular factors affecting the efficiency of the overall reaction, and the protective role of the compartments. Interestingly, the cascade reaction between separate nanocompartments was as efficient as for free enzymes in complex media, such as human serum. The nanocompartments were nontoxic toward cells, and more importantly, addition of the tandem catalytic nanocompartments to cells exposed to uric acid provided simultaneous detoxification of uric acid and the H2O2. Such catalytic nanocompartments can be used as a platform for understanding fundamental factors affecting intracellular communication and can introduce non-native metabolic reactions into living systems for therapeutic applications.

  纳米尺度的区室化本质上是基本的，细胞内生化反应的空间隔离确保了调节代谢途径的最佳条件。在这里，我们提出了一种受自然启发的方法来设计在单独的囊泡纳米室（聚合物囊泡）之间发生的酶级联反应，每个囊泡纳米室包含一种酶类型。我们提出，通过选定的酶组合，提供一种有效的解决方案来解毒尿酸的有害作用并防止衍生的 H2O2 的积累，这两者都与各种病理状况（例如痛风和氧化应激）有关。真菌尿酸酶和辣根过氧化物酶结合起来协同作用，它们被分别封装在纳米室中，纳米室配备有通道孔蛋白作为门，允许反应每个步骤的底物和产物通过。我们确定了影响整个反应效率的分子因素以及隔室的保护作用。有趣的是，单独的纳米室之间的级联反应与复杂介质（例如人血清）中的游离酶一样有效。纳米室对细胞无毒，更重要的是，将串联催化纳米室添加到暴露于尿酸的细胞中可以同时解毒尿酸和H2O2。这种催化纳米室可以用作了解影响细胞内通讯的基本因素的平台，并且可以将非天然代谢反应引入生命系统中以用于治疗应用。
• Structural analysis of urate oxidase in complex with its natural substrate inhibited by cyanide: Mechanistic implications
  作者：Laure Gabison、Thierry Prangé、Nathalie Colloc'h、Mohamed El Hajji、Bertrand Castro、Mohamed Chiadmi

  DOI：10.1186/1472-6807-8-32

  日期：2008.12

  Urate oxidase (EC 1.7.3.3 or UOX) catalyzes the conversion of uric acid and gaseous molecular oxygen to 5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide, in the absence of cofactor or particular metal cation. The functional enzyme is a homo-tetramer with four active sites located at dimeric interfaces.

  The catalytic mechanism was investigated through a ternary complex formed between the enzyme, uric acid, and cyanide that stabilizes an intermediate state of the reaction. When uric acid is replaced by a competitive inhibitor, no complex with cyanide is formed.

  The X-ray structure of this compulsory ternary complex led to a number of mechanistic evidences that support a sequential mechanism in which the two reagents, dioxygen and a water molecule, process through a common site located 3.3 Å above the mean plane of the ligand. This site is built by the side chains of Asn 254, and Thr 57, two conserved residues belonging to two different subunits of the homo-tetramer. The absence of a ternary complex between the enzyme, a competitive inhibitor, and cyanide suggests that cyanide inhibits the hydroxylation step of the reaction, after the initial formation of a hydroperoxyde type intermediate.

  尿酸氧化酶（EC 1.7.3.3或UOX）在缺乏辅因子或特定金属阳离子的情况下，催化尿酸和气态分子氧的转化为5-羟基异尿酸和过氧化氢。功能性酶是一个由四个活性位点位于二聚界面的同源四聚体。

  通过形成酶、尿酸和氰化物的三元复合物来研究催化机制，从而稳定反应的中间态。当使用竞争性抑制剂替换尿酸时，不会形成与氰化物的复合物。

  这种强制性三元复合物的X射线结构提供了一些机械证据，支持顺序机制，其中两种试剂，双氧水和一个水分子，通过位于配体平均平面上方3.3Å的共同位点进行处理。该位点由Asn 254和Thr 57的侧链构建，这是属于同源四聚体的两个不同亚基的保守残基。酶、竞争性抑制剂和氰化物之间缺乏三元复合物表明，氰化物在反应的羟化步骤之后抑制反应，这是在形成过氧化氢类中间体之后的初始步骤。

• The role of sex chromosomes in black fly evolution
  作者：R. M. Feraday、K. G. Leonhardt、C. L. Brockhouse

  DOI：10.1139/g89-480

  日期：1989.8.1

  Sex chromosomes have been repeatedly implicated in the process of speciation of black flies and other nemotocerans. Arguments are presented here against the case that frequent differences between species in their sex chromosomes are based on (i) different average rates of differentiation of sex-linked and autosomal loci or (ii) the fact that the X and Y chromosomes are less numerous than autosomal chromosomes and so are more subject to the effects of drift and the random fixation of chromosome rearrangements. The argument is made that speciation in black flies and many other groups is an adaptive process and that differentiated sex-chromosome systems play a role in this process.Key words: black flies, sex chromosomes, speciation, evolution.

  性染色体在黑蝇和其他蚊形目动物的物种形成过程中反复被牵涉其中。在这里，我们提出反对观点，即物种间性染色体频繁差异的情况不是基于(i)性连锁和常染色体基因分化速率不同或(ii) X和Y染色体数目比常染色体少，因此更容易受到漂变和染色体重排的影响。我们认为，黑蝇和许多其他物种的物种形成是一种适应性过程，并且不同的性染色体系统在这个过程中发挥了作用。关键词：黑蝇、性染色体、物种形成、进化。