Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
Heterocyclic derivatives for the treatment of cancer and other proliferative diseases
申请人：——
公开号：US20020143182A1
公开（公告）日：2002-10-03
The invention relates to certain heterocyclic compounds useful for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, having the Formula (I):
1
wherein:
(a) m is an integer 0 or 1;
(b) R
12
is an alkyl, a substituted alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a substituted cycloalkyl, a heterocyclic, a substituted heterocyclic, a heteroaryl, a substituted heteroaryl, an aryl or a substituted aryl residue;
(c) Ar
3
is an aryl, a substituted aryl, a heteroaryl or a substituted heteroaryl residue;
(d) Ar
4
is an aryl, a substituted aryl, a heteroaryl or a substituted heteroaryl residue;
(e) R
5
is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl or substituted alkyl;
(f) - - - - - represents a bond present or absent; and
(g) W, X, Y and Z are independently or together C(O)—, C(S), S, O, or NH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
A Novel, One-Pot Synthesis of α-<i>C</i>-Cyanohydrazines in the Presence of Lithium Perchlorate/Diethylether Solution (5.0 M)
作者：Akbar Heydari、Robabe Baharfar、Mohsen Rezaie、Saied M. Aslanzadeh
DOI：10.1246/cl.2002.368
日期：2002.3
Condensation of N,N-dimethylhydrazine, an aldehyde in lithium perchlorate/diethylether solution (5.0 M) gave N,N-dimethylhydrazone, which were treated with trimethylsilyl-cyanide to afford α-C-cyanohydrazine. These compounds are important precursors of nitrogen-substituted reagents.
[EN] SUBSTITUTED QUINAZOLINES AS FUNGICIDES<br/>[FR] QUINAZOLINES SUBSTITUÉES, UTILISÉES EN TANT QUE FONGICIDES
申请人：SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG
公开号：WO2010136475A1
公开（公告）日：2010-12-02
The present invention relates to a compound of formula (I) wherein wherein the substituents have the definitions as defined in claim 1or a salt or a N-oxide thereof, their use and methods for the control and/or prevention of microbial infection, particularly fungal infection, in plants and to processes for the preparation of these compounds.
[EN] CALPAIN MODULATORS AND THERAPEUTIC USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] MODULATEURS DE CALPAÏNE ET LEURS UTILISATIONS THÉRAPEUTIQUES
申请人：BLADE THERAPEUTICS INC
公开号：WO2019190885A1
公开（公告）日：2019-10-03
Small molecule calpain modulator compounds, including their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, can be included in pharmaceutical compositions. The compounds can be useful in inhibiting calpain, or competitive binding with calpastatin, by contacting them with CAPN1, CAPN2, and/or CAPN9 enzymes residing inside a subject. The compounds and composition can also be administered to a subject in order to treat a fibrotic disease or a secondary disease state or condition of a fibrotic disease.
