... /It undergoes/ fairly rapid metabolism to the cyanide ion. The fate of the other portion of the molecule is somewhat uncertain. ... /when admin sc to guinea pigs/ ... 70% of the dose was accounted for as thiocyanate.
IN ORDER TO STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP OF STRUCTURE TO METABOLISM OF NITRILES TO CYANIDE IONS, THIOCYANATE WAS MEASURED, AS AN INDEX OF CYANIDE ION RELEASE, IN URINE OF RATS ADMIN EQUIMOLAR DOSES OF NITRILES. AMONG THE SATURATED NITRILES THIOCYANATE EXCRETION WAS MAXIMAL FOR THE C3 & C4 COMPOUNDS, PROPIONITRILE, BUTYRONITRILE, & ISOBUTYRONITRILE, AFTER ORAL & IP ADMIN.
RESULTS FROM THE ADMIN OF ALIPHATIC NITRILES TO RATS SHOWED THAT THE TOXIC ACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC NITRILES DEPENDED ON CYANIDE RELEASE & THE DEGREE OF UNSATURATION. HEPATIC & BLOOD CYANIDE LEVELS 1 HR AFTER TREATMENT WERE HIGHEST FOLLOWING MALONONITRILE & DECREASED IN THE ORDER OF PROPIONITRILE, POTASSIUM CYANIDE, BUTYRONITRILE, ACRYLONITRILE, ALLYLCYANIDE; IN THE BRAIN POTASSIUM CYANIDE PRECEDED MALONONITRILE & PROPIONITRILE.
Some aliphatic nitriles undergo hepatic biotransformation in mice and rats to release free cyanide ions, but the mechanisms at work in these reactions remain in doubt. N-butyronitrile, propionitrile, and their respective alpha-C-hydroxylated homologs, propionaldehyde cyanohydrin and lactonitrile, were used to examine this question in mice. Pretreatment of mice with the hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers, pregnenolone-16-alpha-carbonitrile, troleandomycin, and isosafrole, or with the cytochrome p450-depleting agent, cobaltous chloride, did not influence the mortality of mice given a single dose of nitriles. Repeated injections of aspirin or sodium salicylate in water failed to protect mice against death by the nitriles. ... The cyanohydrins were more acutely toxic than their parent nitriles, produced death more rapidly, and resulted in the same toxic signs, suggesting that they are intermediates in the bioactivation pathway leading to free cyanide ions.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
当以皮下注射的方式给予豚鼠时,剂量的70%以硫氰化物的形式存在。
When administered sc to guinea pigs, 70% of the dose was accounted for as thiocyanate.
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其蒸汽、通过皮肤接触以及摄入进入人体。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
[EN] TARGETED DELIVERY AND PRODRUG DESIGNS FOR PLATINUM-ACRIDINE ANTI-CANCER COMPOUNDS AND METHODS THEREOF<br/>[FR] ADMINISTRATION CIBLÉE ET CONCEPTIONS DE PROMÉDICAMENTS POUR COMPOSÉS ANTICANCÉREUX À BASE DE PLATINE ET D'ACRIDINE ET MÉTHODES ASSOCIÉES
申请人:WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
公开号:WO2013033430A1
公开(公告)日:2013-03-07
Acridine containing cispiaiin compounds have been disclosed that show greater efficacy against cancer than other cisplatin compounds. Methods of delivery of those more effective eisp!aiin compounds to the nucleus in cancer ceils is disclosed using one or more amino acids, one or more sugars, one or more polymeric ethers, C i^aikylene-phenyl-NH-C(0)-R.15, folic acid, av03 iniegriii RGD binding peptide, tamoxifen, endoxifen, epidermal growth factor receptor, antibody conjugates, kinase inhibitors, diazoles, triazol.es, oxazoies, erlotinib, and/or mixtures thereof; wherein R]§ is a peptide.
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
seven novel NImNHP‐type pincer imidazolylphosphineruthenium complexes has been synthesized and fully characterized. The use of hydrogenation of benzonitrile as a benchmark test identified [RuHCl(CO)(NImNHPtBu)] as the most active catalyst. With its stable Ru−BH4 analogue, in which chloride is replaced by BH4, a broad range of (hetero)aromatic and aliphaticnitriles, including industrially interesting
已合成并充分表征了一系列七个新型的N Im N H P型钳型咪唑基膦膦钌配合物。使用苯甲腈加氢作为基准测试,确定了[RuHCl(CO)(N Im N H P t Bu)]是最具活性的催化剂。凭借其稳定的Ru-BH 4类似物(其中氯化物被BH 4替代),已在温和且无碱的条件下氢化了多种(杂)芳族和脂肪族腈,包括工业上有用的己二腈。
Synthesis of multi-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles utilising the ambiphilic reactivity of hydrazones
The synthesis of N-alkyl-1H-1,2,4-triazoles from N,N-dialkylhydrazones and nitriles via formal [3+2] cycloaddition including the C-chlorination/nucleophilic addition/cyclisation/dealkylation sequence was developed. This sequential reaction utilising the in situ generation of hydrazonoyl chloride based on the ambiphilic reactivity of hydrazones afforded a variety of multi-substituted N-alkyl-triazoles
Ambient Hydrogenation and Deuteration of Alkenes Using a Nanostructured Ni‐Core–Shell Catalyst
作者:Jie Gao、Rui Ma、Lu Feng、Yuefeng Liu、Ralf Jackstell、Rajenahally V. Jagadeesh、Matthias Beller
DOI:10.1002/anie.202105492
日期:2021.8.16
selective hydrogenation and deuteration of a variety of alkenes is presented. Key to success for these reactions is the use of a specific nickel-graphitic shell-based core–shell-structured catalyst, which is conveniently prepared by impregnation and subsequent calcination of nickel nitrate on carbon at 450 °C under argon. Applying this nanostructured catalyst, both terminal and internal alkenes, which
提出了各种烯烃的选择性氢化和氘化的通用方案。这些反应成功的关键是使用特定的镍-石墨壳基核壳结构催化剂,该催化剂可以通过浸渍碳上的硝酸镍并随后在氩气下于 450 °C 下煅烧来方便地制备。应用这种纳米结构催化剂,具有工业和商业重要性的末端烯烃和内部烯烃在环境条件下(室温,使用1巴氢气或1巴氘)进行选择性氢化和氘化,从而获得相应的烷烃和氘。标记烷烃的收率良好至极好。通过克级反应以及高效的催化剂回收实验证明了这种镍基加氢方案的合成效用和实用性。