The relative resistance of mammals to the pyrethroids is almost wholly attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid and alcohol components, since direct injection into the mammalian CNS leads to a susceptibility similar to that seen in insects. Some additional resistance of homeothermic organisms can also be attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of action of the pyrethroids, which are thus less toxic at mammalian body temperatures, but the major effect is metabolic. Metabolic disposal of the pyrethroids is very rapid, which means that toxicity is high by the intravenous route, moderate by slower oral absorption, and often unmeasureably low by dermal absorption. /Pyrethroids/
Synthetic pyrethroids are generally metabolized in mammals through ester hydrolysis, oxidation, and conjugation, and there is no tendency to accumulate in tissues. In the environment, synthetic pyrethroids are fairly rapidly degraded in soil and in plants. Ester hydrolysis and oxidation at various sites on the molecule are the major degradation processes. /Pyrethroids/
/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ... /Pyrethroid/
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Tralomethrin is a solid. It was formerly used as an insecticide. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The clinical manifestations of inhalation exposure to pyrethrins, such as tralomethrin, can be local or systemic. Localized reactions confined to the upper respiratory tract include rhinitis, sneezing, scratchy throat, oral mucosal edema, and even laryngeal mucosal edema. Localized reactions of the lower respiratory tract include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest pain. An asthma-like reaction occurs with acute exposures in sensitized patients. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis characterized by chest pain, cough, dyspnea, and bronchospasm may occur in an individual chronically exposed. ANIMAL STUDIES: Synthetic pyrethroids are neuropoisons acting on the axons in the peripheral and central nervous systems by interacting with sodium channels in mammals and/or insects. A single dose produces toxic signs in mammals, such as tremors, hyperexcitability, salivation, choreoathetosis, and paralysis. At near-lethal dose levels, synthetic pyrethroids cause transient changes in the nervous system, such as axonal swelling and/or breaks and myelin degeneration in sciatic nerves. They are not considered to cause delayed neurotoxicity of the kind induced by some organophosphorus compounds. In 2 year mouse study at 10 mg/kg/day the following effects were observed: increased mortality, increased behavioral effects, skin lesions, increased food and water consumption, increased urine volume, transient increase in liver and kidney weights, dermatitis and myositis in male and female. In a generation reproduction study tralomethrin was administered daily by gavage to rats at dose levels of 0, 0.75, 3.0, and 12.0 mg/kg/day. No evidence of adverse effects on reproductive performance of either male or the female F0 or F1 parents were noted at any dose levels. Some signs of decreased initial body weight (at birth) were noted in the F1 pups in the 12 mg/kg/day group. Dose-related decreases in pup weights were observed during lactation in the F1 and F2 pups in the mid- and high- dose groups while the parent rats showed decreases in body weight at 3 and 12 mg/kg/day. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Tralomethrin was toxic to D. magna, with LC50 of 0.15 ug/L. It was not toxic to bees contacting treated foliage 1 hr after application.
Decontaminate the skin promptly with soap and water ... . If irritant or paresthetic effects occur, obtain treatment by a physician. Because volatilization of pyrethroids apparently accounts for paresthesia affecting the face, strenuous measures should be taken (ventilation, protective face mask and hood) to avoid vapor contact with the face and eyes. Vitamin E oil preparations (dL-alpha tocopheryl acetate) are uniquely effective in preventing and stopping the paresthetic reaction. They are safe for application to the skin under field conditions. Corn oil is somewhat effective, but possible side effects with continuing use make it less suitable. Vaseline is less effective than corn oil. Zinc oxide actually worsens the reaction. /Pyrethroids/
Treat eye contamination immediately by prolonged flushing of the eye with copious amounts of clean water or saline.. Some pyrethroid compounds can be very corrosive to the eyes, so extraordinary measures should be taken to avoid eye contamination. If irritation persists, professional ophthalmologic care should be obtained. /Pyrethroids/
Several drugs are effective in relieving the pyrethroid neurotoxic manifestations observed in deliberately poisoned laboratory animals, but none has been tested in human poisonings. Therefore, neither efficacy nor safety under these circumstances is known. Furthermore, moderate neurotoxic symptoms and signs are likely to resolve spontaneously. /Pyrethroids/
When radioactive pyrethroid is administered orally to mammals, it is absorbed from intestinal tract of the animals and distributed in every tissue examined. Excretion of radioactivity in rats admin trans-isomer: dosage: 500 mg/kg; interval 20 days; urine 36%; feces 64%; total 100%. /Pyrethroids/
Although limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids, rapid biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes (ester hydrolysis and oxidation) is probably the major factor responsible for this phenomenon ... Most pyrethroid metabolites are promptly excreted, at least in part, by the kidneys. /Pyrethroids/
Novel cyclopropane carboxylic acid esters of the formula ##STR1## wherein X.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, X.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine and bromine, X.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine and R is selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## and benzyl optionally substituted with at least one member of the group consisting of alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyloxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkadienyl of 4 to 8 carbon atoms, methylenedioxy, benzyl and halogens, R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl, R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of monocyclic aryl and --CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.CH,R.sub.3 is an aliphatic of 2 to 6 carbon atoms having at least one double bond, R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, --CN and --C.tbd.CH, R.sub.5 is selected from the group consisting of chlorine and methyl, n is 0, 1 or 2, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine and methyl and S/I indicates that the ring may be aromatic, dihydro or tetrahydro having pesticidal properties, and a process for their preparation.
An aqueous suspension of a microcapsular insecticidal composition is obtained by emulsifying a liquid pyrethroid insecticide or a hydrophobic solution comprising a pyrethroid insecticide and a high-boiling solvent, preferably an alkyl phthalate wherein the alkyl group has 8 to 13 carbon atoms, in the presence of a water-soluble anionic polymeric surfactant to obtain liquid particles having appropriate diameters and polycondensing melamine-formaldehyde or its derivative on the surfaces of the obtained particles. This composition has a prolonged stable insecticidal effect and is reduced in the toxicity against aquatic animals.
Degradation of hydrophobic ester pesticides and toxins
申请人：Russell Joyce Robyn
公开号：US20050176117A1
公开（公告）日：2005-08-11
The present invention relates to methods and enzymes for degrading hydrophobic ester pesticides and toxins. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of insect esterases, and mutants thereof, in the bioremediation of hydrophobic ester pesticides and toxins residues, such as pyrethroid residues, contaminating the environment and horticultural commodities.
DEGRADATION OF HYDROPHOBIC ESTER PESTICIDES AND TOXINS
申请人：COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
ORGANISATION
公开号：EP1478761B1
公开（公告）日：2012-06-13
Methods for Degrading Toxic Compounds
申请人：Pandey Gunjan
公开号：US20100279380A1
公开（公告）日：2010-11-04
The invention relates to bacteria, bacterial extracts, supernatants obtained from the culturing of said bacteria, polypeptides and compositions for degrading benzimidazole carbamate fungicides, carbanilate fungicides, sulfonamide herbicides, thioamide herbicides and/or synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. In particular, the invention relates to the identification of
Nocardioides
sp. which degrades benzimidazole carbamate fungicides, carbanilate fungicides, sulfonamide herbicides, thioamide herbicides and/or synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.
