ABSTRACT
Toxoplasma gondii
is a protozoan parasite that can damage the human brain and eyes. There are no curative medicines. Herein, we describe our discovery of
N
-benzoyl-2-hydroxybenzamides as a class of compounds effective in the low nanomolar range against
T. gondii in vitro
and
in vivo
. Our lead compound, QQ-437, displays robust activity against the parasite and could be useful as a new scaffold for development of novel and improved inhibitors of
T. gondii
. Our genome-wide investigations reveal a specific mechanism of resistance to
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-benzoyl-2-hydroxybenzamides mediated by adaptin-3β, a large protein from the secretory protein complex.
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-Benzoyl-2-hydroxybenzamide-resistant clones have alterations of their secretory pathway, which traffics proteins to micronemes, rhoptries, dense granules, and acidocalcisomes/plant-like vacuole (PLVs).
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-Benzoyl-2-hydroxybenzamide treatment also alters micronemes, rhoptries, the contents of dense granules, and, most markedly, acidocalcisomes/PLVs. Furthermore, QQ-437 is active against chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
. Our studies reveal a novel class of compounds that disrupts a unique secretory pathway of
T. gondii
, with the potential to be used as scaffolds in the search for improved compounds to treat the devastating diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites.
摘要
弓形虫
是一种原生动物寄生虫,可损害人的大脑和眼睛。目前尚无治疗药物。在此,我们将介绍我们发现的
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-苯甲酰基-2-羟基苯甲酰胺是一类在低纳摩尔范围内对弓形虫有效的化合物。
淋球菌
和
体内
.我们的先导化合物 QQ-437 对寄生虫具有很强的活性,可作为一种新的支架,用于开发新型和改良的冈底斯氏疟原虫抑制剂。
gondii
.我们的全基因组调查揭示了一种对
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-苯甲酰基-2-羟基苯甲酰胺的抗性的特定机制,这种抗性是由分泌蛋白复合物中的一种大蛋白--适应素-3β介导的。
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-抗 N -苯甲酰基-2-羟基苯甲酰胺的克隆会改变其分泌途径,该途径会将蛋白质输送到微粒体、跳动体、致密颗粒和酸性钙化体/类植物液泡(PLVs)。
N
N-苯甲酰基-2-羟基苯甲酰胺处理也会改变微粒、跳动体、致密颗粒的内容物,最明显的是酸性钙离子体/类植物液泡。此外,QQ-437 对耐氯喹的
恶性疟原虫
.我们的研究揭示了一类新型化合物,它能破坏淋病双球菌的独特分泌途径。
疟原虫的独特分泌途径。
我们的研究揭示了一类新型化合物,它能破坏淋病双球菌的独特分泌途径,有望用作寻找改良化合物的支架,以治疗由类人复合寄生虫引起的毁灭性疾病。