2.0X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C /estimated by extrapolation of the boiling pt and two reduced pressure boiling pts (6 mm Hg at 133 °C and 10 mm Hg at 145 °C) via Antoine method fit/
稳定性/保质期：
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
分解：
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of /sulfur oxides/ and /fluorine/.
Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol (N-EtFOSE), ciprofibrate or corn oil (vehicle) for 21 days, and levels of N-EtFOSE and its metabolites as well as markers of peroxisome proliferation and oxidative stress were assessed in serum, liver and/or uterus. The N-EtFOSE metabolite profile in liver and serum was in good agreement with reported in vitro biotransformation pathways in rats and the metabolite levels decreasing in the order perfluorooctanesulfonate >> perfluorooctanesulfonamide ~ N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate >> perfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol approximately N-EtFOSE. Although N-EtFOSE treatment significantly decreased the growth rate, increased relative liver weight and activity of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in liver and uterus (total SOD, CuZnSOD and MnSOD), a metabolic study revealed no differences in the metabolome in serum from N-EtFOSE-treated and control animals. Ciprofibrate treatment increased liver weight and peroxisomal acyl Co-A oxidase activity in the liver and altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the uterus and liver. According to NMR metabolomic studies, ciprofibrate treated animals had altered serum lipid profiles compared to N-EtFOSE-treated and control animals, whereas putative markers of peroxisome proliferation in serum were not affected. ... /Perfluorooctane sulfonate/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
全氟辛磺酸及其盐类也可以通过其他过氟磺酸的物质代谢产生。它似乎不会进一步代谢。/全氟辛磺酸盐/
PFOS can also be formed as a metabolite of other perfluorinated sulfonates. It does not appear to be further metabolized. /Perfluorooctyl sulfonates/
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a liquid. It is used as a chemical intermediate, an acid catalyst for photoresists, a surfactant in firefighting foam, a surfactant for alkaline cleaners, an emulsifier in floor polish, a mist suppressant for metal plating baths, a surfactant for etching acids for circuit boards, a pesticide active ingredient for ant bait traps, and an agricultural chemical. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Health effects of perfluoroalkyl-compounds on humans remain controversial, in spite of a number of experimental and epidemiological studies. In one study, subjects with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome had higher serum concentrations of PFOS. Some studies of women and infants found that PFOS levels negatively correlated with birth weight only in female infants, while other studies found the association to be small. Pre-natal exposure may be associated with immunosuppression in early childhood. Testosterone production may be compromised in individuals with high PFOS exposure. An occupational study conducted on volunteers working at two different 3M plants showed a relationship between higher PFOS serum levels and higher mean values for triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, ALT, and serum triiodothyronine, as well as a lower thyroid hormone binding ratio. In a mortality study, which followed workers for 37 years, a statistically significant risk of death from bladder cancer was reported. In a different study, PFOS altered the expression of crucial genes, reduced ATP production, induced ROS, and stimulated apoptosis during the early stages of cardiogenesis. It appears that that PFOS induces apoptosis in A549 cells through a reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway mechanism. PFOS suppressed IL-2 production in both a human cell line and human primary cells at dose levels within the high end of the human exposure range. In a study on serum levels of men and women, higher concentrations of PFOS were observed in men in comparison to women from the same populations. ANIMAL STUDIES: PFOS was found to be mildly irritating to the eyes and nonirritating to the skin of rabbits. Adverse signs of toxicity observed in rat studies included increases in liver enzymes, hepatic vacuolization and hepatocellular hypertrophy, GI effects, hematological abnormalities, weight loss, convulsions, and death. These effects were reported at doses of 2 mg/kg/day and above. PFOS has shown moderate acute toxicity by the oral route in rats. Mice pups were administered PFOS by one subcutaneous injection. PFOS induced degression of the body weights of mice and increase of relative weights of liver. Results indicated that younger mice pups were more sensitive to PFOS exposure. Dietary treatment of male mice with 0.005% (w/w) PFOS for 10 days resulted in significant reductions in serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, a moderate increase in the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hepatomegaly, without affecting other immune organs. In rabbits, significant reductions in fetal body weight and significant increases in delayed ossification were observed in the offspring of pregnant females administered PFOS during gestation. PFOS was negative in mutagenicity studies in five strains of Salmonella and did not induce micronuclei in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. PFOS was carcinogenic in the rat, inducing tumors of the liver and the thyroid gland in the males and tumors of the liver and of the thyroid and mammary gland in females. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Based on a zebrafish study, early life stage exposure to PFOS perturbs various molecular pathways potentially resulting in observed defects in swim bladder and gut development. PFOS has adverse effects on hepato-histology and sexual development on X. laevis. PFOS can induce oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage repair systems with transcriptional regulation of detoxification, antioxidant, and apoptosis-related genes, resulting in developmental retardation and reduced fecundity in the copepod T. japonicus. Chronic exposure to PFOS can cause neurotoxicity and behavior defects in Caenorhabditis elegans. PFOS had significant effects on the growth of wheat seedlings under experimental conditions.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
靶器官
肝脏的
Hepatic (Liver)
来源:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
毒理性
副作用
职业性肝毒素 - 第二性肝毒素：在职业环境中的毒性效应潜力是基于人类摄入或动物实验的中毒病例。
Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
毒性数据
大鼠LC50 = 5200毫克/立方米
LC50 (rat) = 5,200 mg/m3
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
Tissue specific uptake and elimination of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Adult trout were exposed to perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) via food over a time period of 28 d. In the following 28-d depuration period the fish were fed PFAA-free food. At defined sampling times four animals were removed from the experimental tank, euthanized and dissected. Muscle, liver, kidneys, gills, blood, skin and carcass were examined individually. At the end of the accumulation phase between 0.63% (PFOA) and 15.5% (PFOS) of the absolute, applied quantity of PFAAs was recovered in the whole fish. The main target organ was the liver with recovery rates between 0.11% (PFBS) and 4.01% (PFOS) of the total amount of ingested PFAAs. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids were taken up more readily and had longer estimated elimination half-lives than perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids of the same chain length. The longest estimated elimination half-lives were found to be for PFOS between 8.4 d in muscle tissue and 20.4 d in the liver and for PFNA between 8.2 d in the blood and 11.6 d in the liver.
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) have been detected in serum at low concentrations in background populations. Higher concentrations have been observed in adult males compared to females, with a possible explanation that menstruation offers females an additional elimination route. In this study, we examined the significance of blood loss as an elimination route of PFAAs. Pooled serum samples were collected from individuals undergoing a medical procedure involving ongoing blood withdrawal called venesection. Concentrations from male venesection patients were approximately 40% lower than males in the general population for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). A simple pharmacokinetic model was used to test the hypothesis that blood loss could explain why adult males have higher concentrations of PFAAs than females, and why males undergoing venesections had lower concentrations compared to males in the general population. The model application generally supported these hypotheses showing that venesection might reduce blood serum concentrations by 37% (PFOA) and 53% (PFOS) compared to the observed difference of 44% and 37%. Menstruation was modeled to show a 22% reduction in PFOA serum concentrations compared to a 24% difference in concentrations between males and females in the background population. Uncertainties in the modeling and the data are identified and discussed.
... In this study, PFOS and PFOA were analyzed in 81 whole blood-urine paired samples from general adults and pregnant women in Tianjin, China. PFOS and PFOA were detected in 48 and 76% of adult urine (AU) samples, with geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 0.011 and 0.008 ng/mL, respectively; whereas relatively low PFOS and PFOA concentrations were found in maternal urine (MU) samples, with GM concentrations of 0.006 and 0.003 ng/mL, respectively. For PFOA, the coefficients of Pearson's correlation between whole blood concentrations and creatinine-adjusted and creatinine-unadjusted urinary concentrations were 0.348 (p=0.013) and 0.417 (p=0.002), respectively. The GM urinary elimination rates of PFOS (PFOSUER) and PFOA (PFOAUER) were 16 and 25%, respectively, for adults. These results indicate that urine is an important pathway of excretion of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The partitioning ratios of PFAS concentration between urine and whole blood (PFASU/B) in pregnant women (PFOSU/B, 0.0004; PFOAU/B, 0.0011) were significantly lower (p=0.025 for PFOSU/B, p=0.017 for PFOAU/B) than the ratios found in non-pregnant women (PFOSU/B, 0.0013; PFOAU/B, 0.0028). Furthermore, our results suggest a clear gender difference in the urinary elimination of PFOA, with male adults (31%) having significantly higher PFOAUER than that of female adults (19%). PFOSUER was significantly inversely correlated with age (r=-0.334, p=0.015); these findings suggest that urinary elimination of PFOS is faster in young adults than in the elderly.
Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with lower birth weight in epidemiologic studies. This association could be attributable to glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is related to PFAS concentration and birth weight. We used a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of pregnancy to assess how much of the PFAS-birth weight association observed in epidemiologic studies might be attributable to GFR. We modified a PBPK model to reflect the association of GFR with birth weight (estimated from three studies of GFR and birth weight) and used it to simulate PFAS concentrations in maternal and cord plasma. The model was run 250,000 times, with variation in parameters, to simulate a population. Simulated data were analyzed to evaluate the association between PFAS levels and birth weight due to GFR. We compared simulated estimates with those from a meta-analysis of epidemiologic data. The reduction in birth weight for each 1-ng/mL increase in simulated cord plasma for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was 2.72 g (95% CI: -3.40, -2.04), and for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was 7.13 g (95% CI: -8.46, -5.80); results based on maternal plasma at term were similar. Results were sensitive to variations in PFAS level distributions and the strength of the GFR-birth weight association. In comparison, our meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies suggested that each 1-ng/mL increase in prenatal PFOS and PFOA levels was associated with 5.00 g (95% CI: -21.66, -7.78) and 14.72 g (95% CI: -8.92, -1.09) reductions in birth weight, respectively. Results of our simulations suggest that a substantial proportion of the association between prenatal PFAS and birth weight may be attributable to confounding by GFR and that confounding by GFR may be more important in studies with sample collection later in pregnancy.
A chiral ionic compound comprising an alkyl substituted imidazolium or pyridinium cationic core having an alkyl ester side chain (-alkyl-C(O)O-) directly linked to the core and an associated counter anion, characterized in that the -O- atom of the ester side chain is linked to an alpha, a beta or a gamma hydroxycarboxylic acid functionality via the alpha, beta or gamma hydroxy of the acid functionality and the hydroxycarboxylic acid functionality has at least one asymmetric carbon, or characterized in that an -N= atom of the alkyl substituted imidazolium or pyridinium cationic core is substituted with an alpha, a beta or a gamma hydroxy group of a alpha, a beta or a gamma hydroxycarboxylic acid functionality and the hydroxycarboxylic acid functionality has at least one asymmetric carbon. The chiral ionic liquids (CILs) may be used as novel solvents, in particular for organic synthesis. The CILs have the potential to induce asymmetry into substrates or catalysts in a variety of organic transformations. A number of the compounds have low antimicrobial and low antifungal toxicities and are also biodegradable CILs.
[EN] BIODEGRADABLE SOLVENTS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY<br/>[FR] SOLVANTS BIODÉGRADABLES POUR L'INDUSTRIE CHIMIQUE
申请人：UNIV DUBLIN CITY
公开号：WO2009024607A1
公开（公告）日：2009-02-26
This invention relates to ionic liquid (ILs) solvents for chemical synthesis based on an alkyl - imidazolium cation core containing ionic liquids which have enhanced biodegradability and reduced toxicity relative to existing imidazolium bases ILs such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (bmmim) salts. Many of the described ILs produce a score of over 60% biodegradability over 28 days in a biodegradability test such as the Sturm Test, the Closed Bottle Test (OECD 301D) or the CO2 Headspace Test (ISO 14593). The ILs of the invention comprise an alkyl substituted imidazolium cationic core having a -C=OX- side chain in the 3-position of the imidazole ring, wherein X = O, NH, N or S and an associated counteranion characterized in that the -C=OX side chain comprises at least one ether linkage. The biodegradable and non-toxic IL may be used as green solvents for the chemical, pharmaceutical, biofuel and biomass industries. The ILs of the invention are particularly useful in hydrogenation, pericyclic and metathesis reactions.
[EN] CRYSTALLINE AND LIQUID CRYSTALLINE 25-HYDROXY-CHOLEST-5-EN-3-SULFATE SODIUM AND METHODS FOR PREPARING SAME<br/>[FR] 25-HYDROXY-CHOLEST-5-EN-3-SULFATE SODIQUE CRISTALLIN ET CRISTALLIN LIQUIDE ET SES PROCÉDÉS DE PRÉPARATION
申请人：DURECT CORP
公开号：WO2021133976A1
公开（公告）日：2021-07-01
Crystalline and liquid crystalline forms of 25HC3S sodium are described herein. The disclosure includes Forms I, II, III, V, IX, XI, and XIII of 25HC3S sodium and combinations thereof. Pharmaceutical formulations of said forms, or combinations thereof, and methods of treating or preventing disease such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and conditions related to fat accumulation and inflammation (e.g., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic hepatitis, acute kidney injury (AKI), psoriasis, and atherosclerosis) are further disclosed herein. Methods for preparing 25HC3S are also provided
[EN] ORGANIC REACTIONS CARRIED OUT IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION IN THE PRESENCE OF A HYDROXYALKYL(ALKYL)CELLULOSE OR AN ALKYLCELLULOSE<br/>[FR] RÉACTIONS ORGANIQUES RÉALISÉES DANS UNE SOLUTION AQUEUSE EN PRÉSENCE D'UNE HYDROXYALKYL(ALKYL)CELLULOSE OU D'UNE ALKYLCELLULOSE
申请人：ABBVIE DEUTSCHLAND
公开号：WO2017129796A1
公开（公告）日：2017-08-03
The present invention relates to a method of carrying out an organic reaction in aqueous solution in the presence of a hydroxyalkyl(alkyl)cellulose or an alkylcellulose.
本发明涉及在水溶液中在羟基烷基（烷基）纤维素或烷基纤维素存在下进行有机反应的方法。
Ammonium Fluoroalkanesulfonates and a Synthesis Method Therefor
申请人：Nagamori Masashi
公开号：US20120004447A1
公开（公告）日：2012-01-05
An ammonium hydroxyfluoroalkanesulfinate is obtained by using an organic base while sulfinating a bromofluoroalcohol with a sulfinating agent. An ammonium hydroxyfluoroalkanesulfonate is obtained by oxidizing the ammonium hydroxyfluoroalkanesulfinate. An onium fluoroalkanesulfonate is obtained by converting the ammonium hydroxyfluoroalkanesulfonate into an onium salt through esterification. This onium fluoroalkanesulfonate is useful as a photoacid generator in chemically amplified resists and the like.
