Male, Beagle dogs, inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 90 days at 1,000 - 10,000 ppm (v/v in air). No significant increase in urinary fluoride suggesting little or no metabolism.
Metabolism studies were conducted using Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats following inhalation exposure to 1.0% (v/v) air atmospheres of ... 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) ... for 2 hr. There were no remarkable differences in results between the two strains of rats ... Rats exposed to HCFC-142b excreted chlorodifluoroacetic acid in their urine; no volatile metabolites were detected in tissue samples ...
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
一项体外研究提供了证据，当大鼠肝微粒体与0.6%的HCFC 142b一起孵化时，会发生脱氯反应。
One in vitro study provided evidence for dechlorination when rat hepatic microsomes were incubated with 0.6% HCFC 142b.
Human Health: Acute toxicity of 1-chloro-l,l-difluoroethane is low (LC50/6hr >1,640,000 mg/cum (400,000 ppm) in rats). Inhalation of high concentrations induced signs of lung irritation and Central Nervous System depressing effects of anesthetic type in rats and cardiac sensitisation in dogs. Consequently, 1-chloro 1,1 -difloroethane may be hazardous to humans in case of accidental exposure to high concentrations occurring in confined area where replacement of air by the gas could at the same time reduce oxygen in the atmosphere. In repeated inhalation exposure studies, 1-chloro -1,1- difluoroethane did not induce specific chronic toxicity in rats and dogs exposed 6 hr/d, 5 d/week during several months (no target organs identified ; the no observed adverse effects were higher than 41,000 mg/cum (10,000 ppm) in dogs exposed during 3 months and higher than 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm) in rats exposed for their lifetime). There was no carcinogenic effect in rats exposed for their life time (6hr/d, 5d/week at concentrations up to 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm)). In genotoxicity studies, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was mutagenic in vitro on bacteria (Ames test) and gave equivocal results in a cell neoplastic transformation assay. However, in in vivo mutagenicity studies it was inactive (in a Dominant lethal assay and in a Bone Marrow cytogenetic assay in rats exposed by inhalation du ring 15 and 13 weeks respectively). Overall, these results suggest that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane does not pose a significant genotoxic hazard to humans. In the reproduction field, 1-chloro 1,1-difluoroethane did not induce adverse effect on fertility of male mice exposed up to 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm) (in a Dominant lethal assay) and did not induce male and female lesions of sexual organs in rats and dogs exposed for several months. Also the gas did not induce teratogenic or embryo/foetotoxicity effect and no maternal toxicity in two inhalation developmental toxicity studies where rats were exposed during pregnancy up to 41,000 mg/cum (10,000 ppm). Environment: Based on its physico-chemical properties, the air compartment is the preferred target one for 1-chloro -1,1- difluoroethane. The global atmospheric lifetime of 142b is 18.5 years corresponding to a 1/2 -lifetime of 12.8 years. The tropospheric lifetime due to removal by reaction with OH is 19.5 years. Atmospheric degradation products are essentially the aldehyde form of 142b which further degrade to form CF2(=O) which will hydrolyze in atmospheric water to form HF (also in the OECD HPV Chemicals Programme) and CO2. The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 1-chloro -1,1-difluoroethane is the main concern of this substance. Due to its ODP value of 0.065, it is considered as an ozone depleting substance. The calculated Global Warming Potential of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is 1800 for an integration horizon of 100 years. Its contribution to the Greenhouse effect is small i.e. 0.00108 W/sq m. In water, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not readily biodegradable under aerobic condition (about 5 % of biodegradation after 28 days). It is not expected to bioaccumulate (log Kow = 1.64 - 2.05). 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has a low acute toxicity to fish and daphnia. The lowest available LC50 being higher than 100 mg/L. No acute toxicity tests are available for algae. Algae appear to be more sensitive than fish and daphnids to 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane with a calculated 96h EC50 of 45 mg/L. Exposure: The expected production volume of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in year 2000 is 36,000 tonnes in Europe, 42,000 tonnes in the USA and an amount of 84,000 tonnes for the total world. Its main uses are as a chemical intermediate to produce fluoropolymers and as a blowing agent. A small portion is used as a component of refrigerant fluids. The production and consumption of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane are covered by the Montreal Protocol. In the case of developed countries, a phase-out of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane and other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is scheduled as follows: 35% in 2004, 65% in 2010, 90% in 2015, 99.5% in 2020. A total phase-out is scheduled in 2030. For developing countries, a freeze of the production is scheduled in 2016 and a total phase-out in 2040. In the European Union, the phase-out of ozone depleting substances is scheduled more rapidly than that required by the Montreal protocol. The total ban of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is required on January 1, 2010, the use as blowing agent for expended polystyrene being prohibited from January 1, 2002.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
副作用
神经毒素 - 急性溶剂综合征
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
毒性数据
LC50（小鼠）= 447,000 ppm/2小时；
LC50 (mice) = 447,000 ppm/2h;
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
... The combination of fluorocarbon with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from fluorocarbon poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/
... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected. Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/
... Main factor affecting fate of fluorocarbons is body fat, where they are concentrated and slowly released into blood at a concn that should not cause any risk of cardiac sensitization. /Fluorocarbons/
There is a significant accumulation of fluorocarbons in brain, liver, and lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of fluorocarbons similar to that of chloroform. /Fluorocarbons/
Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung generally have the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species, rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/
Method of making difluoromethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane and 1,1-difluoroethane
申请人：Merkel C. Daniel
公开号：US20050222472A1
公开（公告）日：2005-10-06
A process for the production of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) and 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a). In the process the following steps are employed: (a) providing a reaction vessel, (b) providing in the reaction vessel activated carbon impregnated with a strong Lewis acid fluorination catalys selected from halides of As, Sb, Al, TI, In, V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf, (c) activating the catalyst by passing through the activated carbon impregnated with a strong Lewis acid fluorination catalyst anhydrous hydrogen fluoride gas and chlorine gas, (d) contacting, in a vapor state in the reaction vessel containing the activated catalyst, hydrogen fluoride and one or more halogenated hydrocarbons selected from chlorofluoromethane, dichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, vinyl chloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1.2-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,1-dichloroethane for a time and at a temperature to produce a product stream comprising hydrofluorocarbon product(s) corresponding to the chlorinated hydrocarbon reactant(s), and one or more of hydrogen chloride, unreactacted chlorinated hydrocarbon reactant(s), under-fluorinated intermediates, and unreacted hydrogen fluoride, and (e) separating the hydrofluorocarbon product(s) from the product stream.
A porous aluminum fluoride on which SbCl
x
F
5-x
(wherein x represents a numeral of 0 to 5) is supported, SbCl
x
F
5-x
being obtainable by supporting SbCl, or the like on a porous aluminum fluoride and treating it with hydrogen fluoride. The resulting porous aluminum fluoride has a high activity as a fluorinating agent, a fluorination catalyst, or the like, is easy to handle, can be used for a flow-type reaction, and also can be used even at a high temperature.
在多孔氟化铝上支持SbCl
x
F
5-x
（其中x表示0到5的数字），可以得到SbCl
x
F
5-x
，通过在多孔氟化铝上支持SbCl或类似物质，并用氢氟酸处理。所得的多孔氟化铝具有高活性作为氟化剂、氟化催化剂等，易于处理，可用于流动式反应，甚至可在高温下使用。
Estimation of Atmospheric Lifetimes of Hydrofluorocarbons, Hydrofluoroethers, and Olefins by Chlorine Photolysis Using Gas-Phase NMR Spectroscopy
作者：Alexander A. Marchione、Paul J. Fagan、Eric J. Till、Robert L. Waterland、Concetta LaMarca
DOI：10.1021/ac800883t
日期：2008.8.1
hydrofluoroethers and relative rates of reaction with photolyzed chlorine in excess at ambient temperature. These kinetic systems were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the gas phase, marking the first application of NMRspectroscopy to this field. The square of the Pearson coefficient R for the linear correlation between observed reaction rates and accepted atmospheric lifetimes was 0.87
Room-temperature catalytic fluorination of C1 and C2 chlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons on fluorinated Fe3O4 and Co3O4
作者：James Thomson
DOI：10.1039/ft9949003585
日期：——
A study of the room-temperature reactions of a series of C1 and C2 chlorohydrocarbon and chlorocarbon substrate molecules with fluorinated iron (II, III) oxide and cobalt (II, III) oxide has been conducted. The results show that fluorinated iron(II, III) oxide exhibits an ability to incorporate fluorine into the following substrates in the order: Cl2CCCl2 > H2CCCl2 > CH3CCl3 > CHCl3 > CH2Cl2 > CH2ClCCl3 > CCI4 > CHCl2CHCl2. The fluorinated cobalt(II,III) oxide gave the reactivity series CHCl3 > CCl4 > H2CCCl2 > CHCl2CHCl2 > CH2CI2 > CH3CCl3 > CCl2CCl2 > CH2ClCl3. Reactions of C1 chlorohydrocarbon or chlorocarbon probe molecules with fluorinated Fe3O4 gave predominately C1 chlorofluorohydrocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon products, respectively, whereas fluorinated cobalt(II, III) oxide produced predominately C2 chlorofluorohydrocarbon and chlorofluorocarbons. For fluorinated Co3O4 the distribution of C2 products obtained from C1 chlorohydrocarbon precursor molecules is consistent with the formation of radical intermediates at strong Lewis acid surfaces. C2 chlorohydrocarbons exhibit a fluorine for chlorine (F-for-Cl) exchange reaction through the catalytic dehydrochlorination of the substrate to the alkenic intermediate. The F-for-Cl exchange process was dependent upon the ability of the substrate material to undergo dehydrochlorination; the inability of a substrate to undergo dehydrochlorination results in the fluorination process proceeding through the formation of chlorocarbon or chlorohydrocarbon radical intermediates.
Cobalt/diamine-catalyzed 1,1-difluoroethylation and 2,2,2-trifluoroethylation of aryl Grignard reagents with corresponding fluoroalkyl halides
作者：Yuhki Ohtsuka、Tetsu Yamakawa
DOI：10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.03.007
日期：2016.5
Cobalt/diamine-catalyzed 1,1-difluoroethylation and 2,2,2-trifluoroethylation of aryl Grignard reagents with 1,1-difluoroethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl halides were investigated. With regard to the 1,1-difluoroethylation, 1,2-bis(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropane, which has been rarely used in the cross-coupling reactions, gave the highest yield among the diamine ligands tested. In the 2,2,2-trifluoroethylation
