Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)
The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)
Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).
Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)
Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)
Pharmacologically active (Bicyclic heterocyclyl)methyl and -hetero)
申请人:Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V.
公开号:US05151424A1
公开(公告)日:1992-09-29
[(Bicyclic heterocyclyl)methyl and -hetero] substituted hexahydro-1H-azepines and pyrrolidines and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts having anti-histaminic properties, compositions containing the same, and methods of treating allergic diseases in warm-blooded animals.
The present invention is concerned with compounds of formula
1
the N-oxides, the pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts and the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, wherein R
1
is hydrogen, hydroxy, C
1-6
alkyl or aryl; R
2
is hydrogen; optionally substituted C
1-12
alkyl; C
3-7
cycloalkyl; C
2-8
alkenyl, optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl or aryl; R
3
is hydrogen, optionally substituted C
1-6
alklyl or aryl; Het is an optionally substituted unsaturated heterocycle selected from imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl and pyridinyl;
2
is an optionally substituted unsaturated mono- or bicyclic heterocycle; and aryl is optionally substituted phenyl. The present invention also relates to processes for their preparation and compositions comprising said new compounds, as well as their use as a medicine.
Preparation and the antihypercholesterolemic activity of 5-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-napthyl)-2-hydroxy-1-methylcyclopentanee thanols and esters thereof are disclosed.