碘化铅 | 10101-63-0

• 物质功能分类: 无机化工 - 无机盐 - 金属卤化物及卤酸盐
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 后过渡金属盐
• 中文名称: 碘化铅
• 中文别名: LT-S9147
• 英文名称: lead(II) iodide
• 英文别名: Lead iodide (PbI2)；lead(2+);diiodide
• CAS: 10101-63-0
• 化学式: I₂Pb
• 分子量: 461.009
• InChiKey: RQQRAHKHDFPBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L

物化性质

• 熔点：
  402 °C(lit.)
• 沸点：
  954 °C(lit.)
• 密度：
  6.16 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• 闪点：
  954°C
• 溶解度：
  溶于碱金属碘化物和硫代硫酸钠的浓溶液。不溶于醇和冷盐酸。
• 最大波长(λmax)：
  539nm(neat)(lit.)
• 暴露限值：
  ACGIH: TWA 0.05 mg/m3; TWA 0.01 ppmNIOSH: IDLH 100 mg/m3; TWA 0.050 mg/m3
• 物理描述：
  Lead iodide appears as a yellow crystalline solid. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Primary hazard is threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Used in printing and photography, to seed clouds and other uses.
• 颜色/状态：
  Yellow hexagonal crystals
• 气味：
  Odorless
• 蒸汽压力：
  100 Pa Hg at 470 °C; 1000 Pa at 558 °C; 10,000 Pa at 682 °C; 100,000 Pa at 869 °C
• 汽化热：
  104 kJ/mol at 872 °C (boiling point)
• 稳定性/保质期：

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  1.39
• 重原子数：
  3
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

ADMET

代谢

铅通过吸入、口服和皮肤接触被吸收，然后主要分布到骨骼和红细胞中。在血液中，铅可能被发现与血清白蛋白或金属结合蛋白金属lothionein结合。有机铅通过细胞色素P-450酶代谢，而无机铅与δ-氨基酮酸脱氢酶形成复合物。铅主要通过尿液和粪便排出。

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铅模仿其他生物学上重要的金属，如锌、钙和铁，作为许多相应酶促反应的辅因子与之竞争。例如，铅已被证明能竞争性地抑制钙与钙调蛋白的结合，干扰神经递质的释放。它在对NMDA受体和蛋白激酶C上也表现出类似的竞争性抑制作用，这损害了脑微血管的形成和功能，并改变了血脑屏障。铅还通过损害多巴胺合成的调节和阻止乙酰胆碱的诱发释放来影响神经系统。然而，其主要作用机制是通过抑制δ-氨基酮酸脱水酶，该酶在血红素生物合成中至关重要，而血红素是血红蛋白必需的辅因子。(T4, A20, A22, L136)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A3；已确认对动物有致癌性，但对人类的相关性未知。/铅，元素铅和铅的无机化合物，以Pb表示/美国政府工业卫生学家会议阈限值和生物暴露指数。

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

铅、铅化合物：合理预期为人类致癌物

Lead, lead compounds: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

2A，可能对人类致癌。（L135）

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

铅是一种神经毒素，已知会导致大脑损伤和认知能力下降，尤其是在儿童中。铅暴露可能导致肾病，以及诸如高血压和贫血等血液疾病。铅还表现出生殖毒性，可能导致流产和精子产量减少。

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险等级：
  6.1
• 危险品标志：
  N,T
• 安全说明：
  S45,S53,S60,S61
• 危险类别码：
  R20/22,R61,R33,R62,R50/53
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  28276000
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 2291
• 包装等级：
  III
• 危险类别：
  6.1

SDS

Name:	Lead (II) Iodide Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:	Non
CAS:	10101-63-0

Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name:Lead (II) Iodide Material Safety Data Sheet
Synonym:Non

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Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

CAS#	Chemical Name	content	EINECS#
10101-63-0	Lead iodide	100	233-256-9

Hazard Symbols: T N
Risk Phrases: 20/22 33 61 62 50/53

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Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. Danger of cumulative effects. May cause harm to the unborn child. Possible risk of impaired fertility. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Potential Health Effects
Eye:
May cause eye irritation.
Skin:
May cause skin irritation.
Ingestion:
Causes gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Inhalation:
May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion.
Chronic:
Chronic exposure to lead may result in plumbism which is characterized by lead line in gum, headache, muscle weakness, mental changes.

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Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid.
Skin:
Get medical aid. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Ingestion:
If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid immediately.
Inhalation:
Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.
Notes to Physician:
Antidote: The use of d-Penicillamine as a chelating agent should be determined by qualified medical personnel. The use of Dimercaprol or BAL (British Anti-Lewisite) as a chelating agent should be determined by qualified medical personnel.

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Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
General Information:
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear.
Extinguishing Media:
For small fires, use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide or chemical foam.

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Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.
Spills/Leaks:
Sweep up, then place into a suitable container for disposal. Avoid generating dusty conditions.

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Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE
Handling:
Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.
Storage:
Store in a cool place in the original container and protect from sunlight. Keep from contact with oxidizing materials.

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Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION
Engineering Controls:
Use adequate general or local exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations below the permissible exposure limits.
Exposure Limits CAS# 10101-63-0: United Kingdom, WEL - TWA: (listed as lead compounds): 0.15 mg/m3 (as Pb) United Kingdom, WEL - STEL: (listed as lead compounds): 0.45 mg/m TWA (as Pb) United States OSHA: 50 g/m3 TWA (as Pb); 30 g/m3 Action Level ( Pb. Poison - see 29 CFR 1910.10 25) (listed under Lead, inorgani compounds).
Belgium - TWA: (listed as lead, inorganic compounds): 0.15 mg/m3 (dust and fume) France - VME: (listed as lead compounds): 0.1 mg/m3 VME (as Pb) Germany: (listed as lead compounds): 0.1 mg/m3 VME (as Pb) Japan: (listed as lead compounds): 0.1 mg/m3 OEL (except alkyl le compounds, as Pb) Malaysia: (listed as lead, inorganic compounds): 0.05 mg/m3 TWA ( Pb) Netherlands: (listed as lead, inorganic compounds): 0.15 mg/m3 MA (dust and smoke, as Pb) Russia: (listed as lead, inorganic compounds): 0.5 mg/m3 TWA (as Spain: (listed as lead, inorganic compounds): 0.15 mg/m3 VLA-ED ( Pb) Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166.
Skin:
Wear appropriate protective gloves and clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing:
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators:
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

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Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Physical State: Solid
Color: yellow
Odor: Not available.
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not available.
Viscosity: Not applicable.
Boiling Point: 954 deg C
Freezing/Melting Point: 402 deg C
Autoignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Point: Not applicable.
Explosion Limits, lower: Not available.
Explosion Limits, upper: Not available.
Decomposition Temperature: Not available.
Solubility in water: Slightly soluble in cold water
Specific Gravity/Density: Not available.
Molecular Formula: PbI2
Molecular Weight: 461.009

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Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Chemical Stability:
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
Conditions to Avoid:
Light, strong oxidants.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials:
Strong oxidizers.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Hydrogen iodide, lead/lead oxides.
Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported.

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Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
RTECS#:
CAS# 10101-63-0 unlisted.
LD50/LC50:
Not available.
Carcinogenicity:
Lead iodide - California: carcinogen, initial date 10/1/92 (listed as Lead compounds NTP: Suspect carcinogen (listed as Lead compounds).
IARC: Group 2A carcinogen (listed as Lead, inorganic compounds).

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Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Other No information available.

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Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Products which are considered hazardous for supply are classified as Special Waste and the disposal of such chemicals is covered by regulations which may vary according to location. Contact a specialist disposal company or the local waste regulator for advice. Empty containers must be decontaminated before returning for recycling.

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Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION

IATA
Shipping Name: TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, NOS(Lead iodide)
Hazard Class: 6.1
UN Number: 3288
Packing Group: III
IMO
Shipping Name: TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, NOS(Lead iodide)
Hazard Class: 6.1
UN Number: 3288
Packing Group: III
RID/ADR
Shipping Name: TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, NOS(Lead iodide)
Hazard Class: 6.1
UN Number: 3288
Packing group: III
USA RQ: CAS# 10101-63-0: 10 lb final RQ; 4.54 kg final RQ

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Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION

European/International Regulations
European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives
Hazard Symbols: T N
Risk Phrases:
R 61 May cause harm to the unborn child.
R 20/22 Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.
R 33 Danger of cumulative effects.
R 50/53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R 62 Possible risk of impaired fertility.
Safety Phrases:
S 53 Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions
before use.
S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek
medical advice immediately (show the label where
possible).
S 60 This material and its container must be
disposed of as hazardous waste.
S 61 Avoid release to the environment. Refer to
special instructions/safety data sheets.
WGK (Water Danger/Protection)
CAS# 10101-63-0: No information available.
Canada
CAS# 10101-63-0 is listed on Canada's NDSL List.
CAS# 10101-63-0 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.
US FEDERAL
TSCA
CAS# 10101-63-0 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

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SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
N/A

制备方法与用途

理化性质

碘化铅是一种亮黄色的重质粉末或六边形鳞片状结晶，分子式为PbI₂。无气味，熔点和沸点较高，在室温下是亮黄色、无气味的结晶固体，加热后变为橙色和红色。随着温度升高在水中的溶解度增加。

不同温度（℃）时每100毫升水中的碘化铅溶解克数如下：

• 30℃：4.4×10⁻² g
• 10℃：5.6×10⁻² g
• 20℃：6.9×10⁻² g
• 30℃：9×10⁻² g
• 40℃：0.124g
• 60℃：0.193g
• 80℃：0.294g
• 100℃：0.42g

碘化铅被用于制造高效太阳能电池的前体材料，PbI₂也可以用于伽马射线和X射线的高能光子探测器。此外，碘化铅还曾作为颜料使用（称为碘化黄），但由于毒性和不稳定性，现已不再使用。

应用

碘化铅是钙钛矿型光伏电池的重要基础原料。其化学纯度对后续电池薄膜材料的制备质量及光电转化效率影响显著，在制备过程中需要严格控制。尽管PbI₂晶体是一种优异的室温核辐射探测器材料，但由于生长技术尚未成熟，难以获得高质量的晶体，因而未得到广泛应用。

化学性质

碘化铅亦称二碘化铅，化学式为PbI₂，分子量461.00。其特征是亮黄色重质六方晶系粉末或晶体，无气味，有毒！熔点为402℃，沸点为954℃，相对密度为6.16。紫外线照射时有光电子放出，在空气中光照易分解。碘化铅稍溶于热水、微溶于冷水和热苯胺、易溶于硫代硫酸钠溶液，并能溶于浓碘化钾及浓乙酸钠溶液，而不溶于乙醇及冷浓盐酸。

碘化铅与硫化钠溶液作用生成硫化铅沉淀；与碱金属、碱土金属碳酸盐溶液作用得碳酸铅沉淀。其碱式盐为“碱式碘化铅”，化学式为PbI₂·PbO·H₂O，相对密度6.83，在100℃分解。

用途

碘化铅用于制药工业、照相业及镀青铜。作为一种主要的直接跃迁宽带隙P型化合物半导体，碘化铅被认为是一种很好的光电材料。此外，碘化铅也是制备钙钛矿太阳能电池的重要原材料之一。

生产方法

将260g分析纯碘化钾溶于600mL水中并加热。在该溶液中缓慢加入300g分析纯三水醋酸铅的溶液（需预先溶解于600mL水中）。所得沉淀用水倾泻法洗涤8～10次，用布氏漏斗抽滤后，在耐水纸上摊开，并在80～90℃下干燥。研成细粉后得到产量为365g、产率接近100%的碘化铅。

所得碘化铅沉淀可在冰乙酸中重结晶，形成碘化铅晶体。

类别

• 有毒物质

可燃性危险特性

• 不燃；高热分解
• 燃烧释放有毒碘化物烟雾

储运特性

• 库房低温、通风、干燥

灭火剂

• 水
• 二氧化碳
• 干粉
• 砂土

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  氢化镓 、 碘化铅 以 neat (no solvent, solid phase) 为溶剂， 生成 gallium monoiodide
  参考文献：
  名称：

  单卤化镓的He（I）光电子能谱

  摘要：

  提出了在新的固态反应中产生的一系列短寿命的单卤化镓的He（I）光电子能谱。另外，获得了单体三氯化镓的高分辨率He（I）光电子能谱。Hartree-Fock-Slater计算可用于解释实验结果。

  DOI：

  10.1016/0301-0104(90)89100-5
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  氢铅碘 生成 碘化铅
  参考文献：
  名称：

  NANDZE, MITIO;NISIMURA, YAMAXARU;VATANABEH, CACAO

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• Substituted imidazoles as bombesin receptor subtype-3 modulators
  申请人：Chen David

  公开号：US20100004280A1

  公开（公告）日：2010-01-07

  Certain novel substituted imidazoles are ligands of the human bombesin receptor and, in particular, are selective ligands of the human bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3). They are therefore useful for the treatment, control, or prevention of diseases and disorders responsive to the modulation of BRS-3, such as obesity, and diabetes.

  某些新型取代咪唑是人类炸弹素受体的配体，特别是人类炸弹素受体亚型-3（BRS-3）的选择性配体。它们因此可用于治疗、控制或预防对BRS-3调节敏感的疾病和障碍，例如肥胖症和糖尿病。
• SUBSTITUTED IMIDAZOLES AS BOMBESIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPE-3 MODULATORS
  申请人：Chen David

  公开号：US20120088788A1

  公开（公告）日：2012-04-12

  Certain novel substituted imidazoles are ligands of the human bombesin receptor and, in particular, are selective ligands of the human bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3). They are therefore useful for the treatment, control, or prevention of diseases and disorders responsive to the modulation of BRS-3, such as obesity, and diabetes.

  某些新型取代咪唑是人类炸弹素受体的配体，特别是人类炸弹素受体亚型3（BRS-3）的选择性配体。因此，它们可用于治疗、控制或预防对BRS-3调节敏感的疾病和障碍，例如肥胖症和糖尿病。
• SMIRNOV, V. A.;KOPETSKIJ, CH. V.;REDKIN, A. N., VYSOKOCHIST. VESHCHESTVA,(1988) N 1, 48-54
  作者：SMIRNOV, V. A.、KOPETSKIJ, CH. V.、REDKIN, A. N.

  DOI：——

  日期：——

表征谱图