铝氟酸钠

• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 后过渡金属盐
• 中文名称: 铝氟酸钠
• 中文别名: 六氟铝酸钠；冰晶石；合成冰晶石；透长石；玻璃长石；人造冰晶石；氟化铝钠；氟铝酸钠；六氟铝酸三钠
• 英文名称: trisodium;trifluoroalumane;trifluoride
• 化学式: AlF6Na3
• 分子量: 209.941265
• InChiKey: REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -27.34
• 重原子数：
  10
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  6

ADMET

代谢

铝通过口服或吸入暴露后吸收不良，并且基本上不通过皮肤吸收。铝的生物利用度受到铝化合物的影响，以及存在可以与铝形成复合物并增强或抑制其吸收的饮食成分的影响。铝在血液中与各种配体结合，并分布到每个器官，其中在骨骼和肺组织中浓度最高。在生物体中，铝被认为存在四种不同的形式：作为自由离子，作为低分子量复合物，作为物理结合的大分子复合物，以及作为共价结合的大分子复合物。吸收的铝主要在尿液中排泄，在较小程度上在胆汁中排泄，而未吸收的铝则在粪便中排泄。(L739)

Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铝的主要靶器官是中枢神经系统和骨骼。铝与饮食中的磷结合，并影响胃肠道对磷的吸收。体内磷负荷的减少会导致骨软化（由于骨骼矿化缺陷导致的骨质疏松）和佝偻病。铝的神经毒性被认为涉及多种机制。细胞骨架蛋白功能的变化，如磷酸化、蛋白水解、运输和合成的改变，被认为是其中一个原因。铝可能通过影响血脑屏障的通透性、胆碱能活性、信号转导途径、脂质过氧化以及损害神经元谷氨酸一氧化氮-环磷酸鸟苷酸途径，以及由于类似的配位化学性质和随后的竞争性相互作用而干扰必需微量元素的代谢，从而诱导神经行为效应。有研究表明，铝与雌激素受体的相互作用增加了雌激素相关基因的表达，从而促进了乳腺癌的进展（A235），但研究尚未能够建立铝与乳腺癌风险增加之间的明确联系（A15468）。某些铝盐通过激活炎症小体来诱导免疫反应。（L739, A235, A236）

The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

未列入国际癌症研究机构(IARC)名录。国际癌症研究机构将铝生产归类为对人类致癌(第1组)，但并未将铝本身视为人类致癌物。(L135)有人提出铝制止汗剂的使用与乳腺癌风险增加之间存在关联(A235)，但研究并未能确立明确的联系(A15468)。

Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

铝针对神经系统，导致神经系统性能下降，并与血脑屏障功能改变有关。体内铝的积累可能导致骨骼或脑部疾病。高水平的铝与阿尔茨海默病有关。少数人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，会经历接触性皮炎、消化紊乱、呕吐或其他症状。

Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L739）；吸入（L739）

Oral (L739) ; inhalation (L739)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

吸入铝尘会导致咳嗽和胸部X光异常。一小部分人对铝过敏，在接触或摄入含有铝的产品时，会经历接触性皮炎、消化系统紊乱、呕吐或其他症状。

Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

吸收、分配和排泄

雄性大鼠清除了45.9%以冰晶石形式口服摄入的氟化物。在分析的组织中，只有肾脏和股骨与吸收或保留的氟化物量显示出任何相关性。

Male rats eliminated 45.9% of fluoride which had been admin orally as cryolite. Of tissues analyzed, only kidney and femur showed any correlation with amt of fluoride absorbed or retained.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

接触冰晶石粉尘可能会导致骨骼氟中毒。在一座冰晶石选矿厂的8名男性工人在休假5天后参加了为期4天的研究。粉尘暴露量为0.16至21.2毫克/立方米。在工作开始前和两个4小时期间收集尿液。工作前尿液中氟化物浓度在一周内增加。下班后尿液中氟化物浓度和血清中氟化物浓度都与粉尘暴露量相关。工作后血清中氟化物浓度以3.3至6.9小时的半衰期下降。在尿流率为0.89至2.21毫升/分钟时，氟化物清除率为40.5毫升/分钟。血清铝浓度变化与暴露无关，但尿铝排泄与氟化物水平相关。工作前血清磷酸盐浓度在一周内显著增加，可能表明矿物质代谢发生变化。为了监测个体对冰晶石粉尘的摄取，血清氟化物测量最为有用。

Exposure to cryolite dust may result in skeletal fluorosis. Eight male workers at a cryolite concentrator participated in a 4 day study after 5 days of vacation. Dust exposures were 0.16 to 21.2 mg/cu m. Urine was collected before work began and during two 4 hr periods. Preshift urine fluoride concentrations increased during the week. Fluoride concentrations in postshift urine and serum both correlated with the dust exposures. Serum fluoride concentrations decreased with a half-life of 3.3 to 6.9 hr after work. Fluoride clearance was 40.5 mL/min at urinary flow rates of 0.89 to 2.21 mL/min. Serum aluminum concentrations varied without relation to the exposure, but the urinary aluminum excretion correlated with the fluoride levels. Preshift serum phosphate concentrations increased significantly during the week, possibly indicating changes in mineral metabolism. For monitoring of individual uptake of cryolite dust, serum fluoride measurements are most useful.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

从氟石中吸收的氟化物会保留在骨骼中，在肾脏中已经检测到高浓度的氟化物，肾脏是主要负责排泄氟化物的器官。通常，在骨骼和肺部已经检测到高浓度的铝，长期接触铝可能导致肝脏、肾脏和脑组织中铝含量增加。似乎可以肯定，接触氟石后体内的Al3+将表现出与其他铝化合物相似的分布情况。

Fluoride resulting from the absorption of cryolite is retained in bones and high concentrations have been detected in the kidney, which is the organ primarily involved in fluoride excretion. In general, high concentrations of aluminum have been detected in the skeleton and in the lungs, and prolonged exposure to aluminum may result in increased levels of aluminum in liver, kidneys, and brain tissue. It seems likely that the Al3+ from exposure to cryolite will show a similar distribution in the body as observed with other aluminum compounds.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  铝氟酸钠 生成 氟化钽(V)
  参考文献：
  名称：

  XARADA, ISAO;NISITSUDZI, TOSIXIKO;JOSIKAVA, AKIO

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  氢氟酸 生成 铝氟酸钠
  参考文献：
  名称：

  HEINZ, DIETER;EWERT, GUNTER;HOLLATZ, IVO;KOLLING, WOLFGANG;LAMM, URSULA;M+

  摘要：

  DOI：

文献信息

• STOLZE, ROLAND;BUCHALLIK, ULLI;GUDZINSKI, MECHTHILD;HEINRICH, ERIKA;KEBEL+
  作者：STOLZE, ROLAND、BUCHALLIK, ULLI、GUDZINSKI, MECHTHILD、HEINRICH, ERIKA、KEBEL+

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• KOLLING, WOLFGANG;MAROTZ, GUNTHER;LAMM, URSULA;STOSS. , ANNEGRET;WOLFROM,+
  作者：KOLLING, WOLFGANG、MAROTZ, GUNTHER、LAMM, URSULA、STOSS. , ANNEGRET、WOLFROM,+

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• ZOSIN, A. P.;KOSHKINA, L. B.;PRIJMAK, T. I.;MARTYNOVA, T. F.;MASLOVA, A. +, FIZ.-XIM. OSNOVY PERERAB. I PRIMENENIYA MINERAL. SYRYA, APATITY,(1990) S.+
  作者：ZOSIN, A. P.、KOSHKINA, L. B.、PRIJMAK, T. I.、MARTYNOVA, T. F.、MASLOVA, A. +

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• NI, L. P.;MANANKOV, A. A., TSV. MET.,(1990) N, S. 56-58
  作者：NI, L. P.、MANANKOV, A. A.

  DOI：——

  日期：——
• MIGAMI, KEHNDZI;KOYAMA, CATOPY
  作者：MIGAMI, KEHNDZI、KOYAMA, CATOPY

  DOI：——

  日期：——