Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)
The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)
Not listed by IARC. IARC classified aluminum production as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), but did not implicate aluminum itself as a human carcinogen. (L135) A link between use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants and increased risk of breast cancer has been proposed (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link (A15468).
Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)
Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)
An HT FFR kinetics study of the reaction between AlCl and CO2 from 1175 to 1775 K
作者：Donald F. Rogowski、Arthur Fontijn
DOI：10.1016/0009-2614(86)80637-6
日期：1986.12
Rate coefficients for the reaction A1C1 + CO2 → OAlCl + CO have been measured in a high-temperature fast-flow reactor (HTFFR). These fit the expression k(T) = 2.5 × 10−12 exp(−7550 K/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The existence of a large energy barrier for this exothermic reaction is in agreement with that suggested for the OAlCl channel of the AlCl + O2 reaction. The presence of such barriers is in sharp
已在高温快速流动反应器（HT FFR）中测量了反应A1C1 + CO 2 →OAlCl + CO的速率系数。这些符合表达式k（T）= 2.5×10 -12 exp（-7550 K / T）cm 3分子-1 s -1。对于该放热反应，存在较大的能垒与对AlCl + O 2反应的OAlCl通道所建议的能垒是一致的。此类势垒的存在与AlO与CO 2和O 2的反应形成鲜明对比。
Characterization of Oligomers of AlCl: Al–Cl versus Al–Al Bonding
作者：Hans‐Jörg Himmel
DOI：10.1002/ejic.200401016
日期：2005.5
of the trimer (Cs symmetry) features direct Al–Al bonds, two terminal Al–Cl bonds, and one bridging Cl atom. A weak, isotopically structured IR band can be assigned to the antisymmetric ν(Al–Clt) mode of this trimer (Clt denotes a terminal Cl atom). The enthalpy change for each of the oligomerization steps has been calculated. For the dimerization of AlCl to give Al2Cl2, the Gibbs energy change was
Al<sub>22</sub>Cl<sub>20</sub>·12L (L = THF, THP): The First Polyhedral Aluminum Chlorides
作者：Christoph Klemp、Michael Bruns、Jürgen Gauss、Ulrich Häussermann、Gregor Stösser、Leo van Wüllen、Martin Jansen、Hansgeorg Schnöckel
DOI：10.1021/ja004022x
日期：2001.9.1
Aluminum subhalides of the type Al22X20. 12L (X = Cl, Br; L = THF, THP) are the only known representatives of polyhedral aluminum subhalides and exhibit interesting multicenter bonding properties. Herein, we report on the synthesis and structural investigation of the first chlorides of this type. Additional investigations applying solid-state Al-27 NMR (MAS), XPS (of Al4Cp*(4) and Al22X20. 12L), and quantum chemical calculations shed more light upon the structure of the molecules and possible Al modifications.
Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions
AbstractBy the end of the last century there were already the first indications of the possible existence of Al1 halides. However, it was only through the pioneering works of W. Klemm, who would have celebrated his 100th birthday on January 6, 1996, that detailed spectroscopic investigations became possible. Since the end of the 1970s the reactivity of AlX and GaX species in solid noble gases has been confirmed by numerous examples. In recent years formally monovalent Al and Ga species have been successfully synthesized on a preparative scale. In addition to the first halides, organometallic compounds with metal–metal bonds have been isolated and investigated with regard to their chemical properties. The fundamental importance of such species has been documented in this journal among others in the form of two highlight articles in which experimental and theoretical aspects have been examined with examples, and parallels and differences with respect to boron chemistry have been illustrated. This review is intended to give an account of the chronological development of this research area over the last few years, but an attempt is also made to categorize the experimental results achieved not only with respect to structure, thermodynamics, and reactivity, but also with the aid of quantum chemical calculations and by comparative considerations.
Microwave spectra of metal chlorides produced using laser ablation
作者：Kristine D. Hensel、Christian Styger、Wolfgang Jäger、A. J. Merer、M. C. L. Gerry
DOI：10.1063/1.465141
日期：1993.9
An apparatus has been constructed to produce metal compounds using laser ablation and to investigate their rotational spectra with a microwave Fourier transform (MWFT) cavity spectrometer. The first three such compounds that have been studied are silver chloride, aluminum (I) chloride, and copper (I) chloride, produced by ablation of silver, aluminum, and copper rods in the presence of chlorine gas, using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The high resolution and sensitivity available with the MWFT cavity spectrometer have permitted the first determination of nuclear spin–rotation coupling constants for AlCl and CuCl. These constants have been used to examine the electronic structures of the molecules. Values of the rotational and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have also been improved for the three metal chlorides.
