Experimental and theoretical studies of the hydroxylation of a family of benzocycloarene compounds [benzocyclobutene, benzocyclopentene (indan), benzocyclohexene (tetralin), and benzocycloheptene] by wild type and Y96F mutant P450cam were performed in order to understand the factors affecting product distribution, catalytic rate and cofactor utilization. The products of all reactions except that of benzocycloheptene were regiospecifically hydroxylated in the 1-position. Reaction energetics predominated over active site steric constraints in this case so that quantum mechanical calculations (B3LYP/6-31G*) comparing the energetics of all possible radical intermediates successfully predicted hydroxylation at the 1- and 3-positions of benzocycloheptene, and at the 1-position for the other three compounds. However, the fact that the ratio of 1-alcohol to 3-alcohol changes significantly between wild type and Y96F mutant P450cam indicates
that active site geometry and composition also play a significant role in determining BCA7 product regiospecificity. The indan and tetralin reaction products were stereoselective for the R enantiomer (88 and 94%, respectively). Steric constraints of the active site were confirmed by molecular dynamics calculations (locally enhanced sampling dynamics) to control enantiomer distribution for tetralin hydroxylation. NADH coupling, binding affinity, and product turnover rates were dramatically higher for Y96F P450cam, showing that the removal of the active site hydroxyl group on tyrosine makes the enzyme better suited for oxidation of these hydrophobic compounds. NADH coupling, binding affinity and product turnover rate for each enzyme generally increased with arene ring size. For both enzymes, NADH coupling and product turnover rates were correlated with the extent of high-spin shift upon substrate binding as determined by the shift in Soret absorption bands
at 417 and 391 nm.
对野生型和 Y96F 突变体 P450cam 对一系列苯并环烯烃化合物[
苯并环丁烯、苯并
环戊烯(
茚)、苯并
环己烯(四
萘)和苯并
环庚烯]的羟化反应进行了实验和理论研究,以了解影响产物分布、催化速率和辅助因子利用率的因素。除苯并
环庚烯反应外,所有反应的产物都在 1 位发生了特异性羟基化。在这种情况下,反应能量优先于活性位点立体约束,因此量子力学计算(B3LYP/6-31G*)比较了所有可能的自由基中间体的能量,成功预测了苯并
环庚烯在 1 位和 3 位发生羟基化,而其他三种化合物则在 1 位发生羟基化。然而,1-醇与 3-醇的比例在野生型和 Y96F 突变体 P450cam 之间发生显著变化这一事实表明,活性位点的几何形状和组成在决定 BCA7 产物的区域特异性方面也起着重要作用。
茚和四氢
萘反应产物对 R 对映体具有立体选择性(分别为 88% 和 94%)。分子动力学计算(局部增强采样动力学)证实了活性位点的立体限制控制了
四氢萘酚羟化的对映体分布。Y96F P450cam 的
NADH 偶联度、结合亲和力和产物周转率都显著提高,这表明去除活性位点
酪氨酸上的羟基后,该酶更适合氧化这些疏
水性化合物。每种酶的
NADH 偶联度、结合亲和力和产物周转率通常随着炔环大小的增加而增加。对于这两种酶来说,
NADH 偶联和产物周转率与底物结合时的高自旋偏移程度相关,高自旋偏移是由 417 和 391 纳米波长处的索雷特吸收带偏移确定的。