Solid-Phase Synthesis of Polyamine Toxin Analogues: Potent and Selective Antagonists of Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors
摘要:
The wasp toxin philanthotoxin-433 (PhTX-433) is a nonselective and noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic receptors, such as ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Polyamine toxins are extensively used for the characterization of subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, in particular Ca2+-permeable AMPA and kainate receptors. We have previously shown that an analogue of PhTX-433 with one of the amino groups replaced by a methylene group, philanthotoxin-83 (PhTX-83) is a selective and potent antagonist of AMPA receptors. We now describe the solid-phase synthesis of analogues of PhTX-83 and the electrophysiological characterization of these analogues on cloned AMPA and kainate receptors. The polyamine portion of PhTX-83 was modified systematically by chaniging the position. of the. secondary amino group along the polyamine chain. In another series of analogues, the acyl moiety of PhTX-83 was replaced by acids of different size and lipophilicity. Using electrophysiological techniques, PhTX-56 was shown to be a highly potent (K-i = 3.3 +/- 0.78 nM) and voltage-dependent antagonist of homomeric GluR1 receptors and was more than 1000-fold less potent when tested on heteromeric GluR1+GluR2, as well as homomeric GluR5(Q) receptors, thus being selective for Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. Variation of the acyl group of PhTX-83 had only minor effect on antagonist potency at homomeric GluR receptors but led to a significant decrease in the voltage-dependence. In conclusion, PhTX-56 is a novel, very potent, and selective antagonist of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors and is a promising tool for structure/function studies of the ion channel of the AMPA receptor.
Amide compounds of formula (I), combinatorial libraries of amide compounds and methods of preparing the same are provided. Libraries of the invention are useful for screening in biological assays in order to identify pharmaceutically useful compounds.
Uncompetitive Antagonism of AMPA Receptors: Mechanistic Insights from Studies of Polyamine Toxin Derivatives
作者:Trine F. Andersen、Denis B. Tikhonov、Ulrik Bølcho、Konstantin Bolshakov、Jared K. Nelson、Florentina Pluteanu、Ian R. Mellor、Jan Egebjerg、Kristian Strømgaard
DOI:10.1021/jm060606j
日期:2006.9.1
Philanthotoxins are uncompetitive antagonists of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors presumed to bind to the pore-forming region, but a detailed molecular mechanism for this interaction is missing. Here a small library of novel philanthotoxins was designed and synthesized using a solid-phase strategy. The biological activities were investigated at cloned and "native" AMPA receptors using electrophysiological techniques. A distinct relationship between length of the polyamine moiety and the location of a secondary amino group was observed. Fitting the data to the Woodhull equation allowed the first experimental demonstration of the relative location and orientation of the philanthotoxin molecule in the receptor. These results were corroborated by in silico studies using a homology model of the AMPA receptor ion channel. Together these studies provide strong evidence for a molecular mechanism by which polyamine toxins antagonize the AMPA receptor ion channel and provide the basis for rational development of uncompetitive antagonists of AMPA receptors.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Polyamine Toxin Analogues: Potent and Selective Antagonists of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Permeable AMPA Receptors
作者:Hasse Kromann、Sonata Krikstolaityte、Anne J. Andersen、Kim Andersen、Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen、Jerzy W. Jaroszewski、Jan Egebjerg、Kristian Strømgaard
DOI:10.1021/jm020314s
日期:2002.12.1
The wasp toxin philanthotoxin-433 (PhTX-433) is a nonselective and noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic receptors, such as ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Polyamine toxins are extensively used for the characterization of subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, in particular Ca2+-permeable AMPA and kainate receptors. We have previously shown that an analogue of PhTX-433 with one of the amino groups replaced by a methylene group, philanthotoxin-83 (PhTX-83) is a selective and potent antagonist of AMPA receptors. We now describe the solid-phase synthesis of analogues of PhTX-83 and the electrophysiological characterization of these analogues on cloned AMPA and kainate receptors. The polyamine portion of PhTX-83 was modified systematically by chaniging the position. of the. secondary amino group along the polyamine chain. In another series of analogues, the acyl moiety of PhTX-83 was replaced by acids of different size and lipophilicity. Using electrophysiological techniques, PhTX-56 was shown to be a highly potent (K-i = 3.3 +/- 0.78 nM) and voltage-dependent antagonist of homomeric GluR1 receptors and was more than 1000-fold less potent when tested on heteromeric GluR1+GluR2, as well as homomeric GluR5(Q) receptors, thus being selective for Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. Variation of the acyl group of PhTX-83 had only minor effect on antagonist potency at homomeric GluR receptors but led to a significant decrease in the voltage-dependence. In conclusion, PhTX-56 is a novel, very potent, and selective antagonist of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors and is a promising tool for structure/function studies of the ion channel of the AMPA receptor.