Excitatory amino-acid receptor agonists. Synthesis and pharmacology of analogues of 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid
摘要:
We have previously proposed the existence of a lipophilic cavity of the 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor recognition site capable of accommodating alkyl substituents of limited size in the 5-position of the isoxazole ring. In order to indirectly elucidate the approximate extent of this proposed cavity we have synthesized and pharmacologically characterized a number of AMPA analogues. For most of these AMPA analogues, a positive correlation between AMPA receptor affinity and agonist effect was observed. The only exception was demethyl-AMPA (8a), which showed relatively high AMPA receptor affinity (IC50 = 0.27 mu M) but remarkably weak agonist potency (EC50 = 900 mu M). Whereas the ethyl analogue of AMPA (Et-AMPA) (IC50 = 0.030 mu M; EC50 = 2.3 mu M) has previously been shown to be slightly more potent than AMPA (IC50 = 0.040 mu M; EC50 = 3.5 mu M), substitutions of a propyl or a butyl group for the methyl group of AMPA to give 8b (IC50 = 0.090 mu M; EC50 = 5.0 mu M) or 8f (IC50 = 1.0 mu M; EC50 = 32 mu M), respectively, result in progressive loss of the AMPA agonist effect. Analogues containing larger groups, such as isopentyl (8e), 1-propylbutyl (8g), 2,2-dimethylpropyl (8h), or benzyl (14) groups, were very weak or totally inactive as AMPA receptor ligands.
Asymmetric allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate with sodium salt of acetamidomalonate ester has been carried out in the presence of a palladium catalyst containing (S)-BINAP to give a chiral α-allyl-αacetamidomalonate ester derivative of high optical purity (94±1% ee).
Chiral bisoxazolylphosphine ligands 1 [(S,S)-PhP(Ox-R)(2): R = Me, Pr-i, Bu-t] with an N-P-N backbone were prepared from chiral 4-alkyl-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole compounds. These ligands coordinated to Pd(II) ion as bidentate ligands selectively to give a stereogenic phosphorus atom. The Pd-(S,S)-PhP(Ox-Bu-t)(2) 1c catalyst evoked high enantioselectivity in asymmetric allylic substitutions of acyclic substrates using dimethyl sodiomalonate as nucleophile. In the reaction of 3-penten-2-yl acetate, which affords a pi-allyl intermediate with a small steric factor, the Pd-1c catalyst successfully induced very high enantioselectivity (94% ee) indicating the effectiveness of the P-stereogenic center formed by selective ligation of ligand 1. In the reaction of cyclic substrates, moderate to high enantioselectivity was obtained by Pd-1 catalyst using the sodium salt of dimethyl methylmalonate. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Palladium-assisted C-glycosylation. Addition of carbanions to cyclic enol ethers