2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) as the dianion phosphorylates butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at its active site. In contrast, the classical organophosphorus esterase inhibitors include substituted-phenyl dialkylphosphates (e.g., paraoxon) with electron-withdrawing aryl substituents. The chloroethyl and substituted-phenyl moieties are combined in this study as 2-chloro-1-(substituted-phenyl)ethylphosphonic acids (1) to define the structure-activity relationships and mechanism of BChE inhibition by ethephon and its analogues. Phenyl substituents considered are 3- and 4-nitro, 3- and 4-dimethylamino. and 3- and 4-trimethyl-ammonium. Phosphonic acids 1 were synthesized via the corresponding O,O-diethyl phosphonate precursors followed by deprotection with trimethylsilyl bromide. They decompose under basic conditions about 100-fold faster than ethephon to yield the corresponding styrene derivatives. Electron-withdrawing substituents on the phenyl ring decrease the hydrolysis rate while electron-donating substituents increase the rate. The 4-trimethylammonium analogue has the highest affinity (K-i = 180 muM) and potency (IC50 = 19 muM) in first binding reversibly at the substrate site (possibly with stabilization in a dianion-monoanion environment) and then progressively and irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme activity. These observations suggest dissociation of chloride as the first and rate-limiting step both in the hydrolysis and by analogy in phosphorylation of BChE by 1 bound at the active site. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The copper-mediated reaction of phosphinyl-stabilized carbanions 2a-c with aryl halides 1a-i in DMF or HMPA produced (arylmethyl)phosphonates 3-11 in good yields. Similar treatment of N-(2-iodophenyl)- and N-(2-iodophenyl)-N-methyl-alpha-(diethoxyphosphinyl)acetamides (12 and 14) led to 2-[(diethoxyphosphinyl)methyl]benzoxazole (13) and 1-methyl-3-(diethoxyphosphinyl)oxindole (15) in 71 and 85% yields, respectively. 4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline N-oxide (33) was synthesized by the reaction of ethyl alpha-(o-formylphenyl)acrylate (31), derived from 6 and paraformaldehyde,with hydroxylamine. The cycloaddition of 33 to olefins such as dimethyl maleate, methyl acrylate, and styrene was studied.