Transition Metal-Catalyzed, Chlorine-Transfer Radical Cyclizations of 2-(3-Alken-1-oxy)-2-Chloroacetates. Formal Total Synthesis of Avenaciolide and Isoavenaciolide
摘要:
A novel method for the synthesis of functionalized tetrahydrofurans is described. This method involves the treatment of 2-(3-alken-1-oxy)-2-chloroacetates 1 with a catalytic amount of Cu(bpy)Cl in refluxing 1,2-dichloroethane to give good yields of 3-(1-chloroalkyl)-2-tetrahydrofuran carboxylic esters 2. The stereochemical course of the radical cyclizations shows a-preference for the formation of 2,3-cis-substituted tetrahydrofurans in all cases. This selectivity is exploited in the formation of bicyclic lactones which form spontaneously upon ester hydrolysis. As an application of this methodology a formal total synthesis of avenaciolide (28) and isoavenaciolide (29) is described.
π-Cyclizations of α-methoxycarbonyl oxycarbenium ions; synthesis of oxacyclic carboxylic esters
摘要:
Acid-mediated cyclization reactions are described of seven methyl 2-acetoxy-2-(3-alken-1-oxy)acetates with different chain substitution. The major product of the tin tetrachloride-induced cyclization reaction is in most cases a tetrahydropyran containing an equatorial carbomethoxy function at C2 and an axial chlorine atom at C4. The mechanism of its formation involves a net cis-addition of the intermediate alpha-ester oxycarbenium ion to the carbon-carbon double bond, most likely caused by a quasi axial orientation of the ester function in a chair-like transition state. The results are interpreted by invoking (1) the occurrence of a 2-oxonia-Cope rearrangement and (2) the participation of the ester function in the mechanism of cyclization by trapping the cyclic cationic intermediate. The cyclizations of two methyl 2-acetoxy-2-(4-alken-1-oxy)acetates and two methyl 2-acetoxy-2-(alkynoxy)acetates are also described .