... /Rats/ fed (14)C-labeled 1,2-dichloropropane & both isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene ... /showed/ differences in their metabolism. With all cmpd 80 to 90% of radioactivity was eliminated in first 24 hr. Major route of excretion of radioactivity was in urine, where 50.2, 80.7 & 56.5% of 1,2-dichloropropane, cis-1,3-dichloropropene, & trans-1,3-dichloropropene activity were found, respectively. The amount of (14)C-carbon dioxide exhaled was quite different for the two isomers. The cis-isomer yielded only 3.9% of dose & trans-isomer 23.6%, with correspondingly less in the radioactivity in the urine. As expected with volatile cmpd, residual unreacted cmpd were not present as significant residues, although metabolites entered the normal metabolic pool. Subsequently ... /it was shown/ that 82-84% of the radioactivity of (14)C labeled on the second carbon was recovered in the urine of rats as N-acetyl-S-((cis)-3-chloroprop-2-enyl) cysteine.
IDENTIFICATION: The technical mixture of dichloropropenes and dichloropropane is a clear amber liquid with a pungent odor. It is soluble in halogenated solvents, esters, and ketones. It was widely used as a soil nematocide before planting. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Dichloropropane-Dichloropropene mixture is no longer widely used and, thus, exposure of the general population via air, water, and food is unlikely. One case of acute fatal poisoning has been reported following accidental ingestion. Several cases of contact dermatitis and skin sensitization have been reported. ANIMAL STUDIES: The acute toxicity of dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture for laboratory animals is moderate to high. Acute exposure results in clinical signs associated with central nervous system depression. It is a severe eye and skin irritant and it is a moderate dermal sensitizer. In a long-term study on rats fed diets containing up to 120 mg of the mixture per kg for 2 years, no toxic or carcinogenic effects were seen. No metabolic studies have been carried out on dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture. The two major components, 1,2-dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane, are rapidly eliminated, primarily in the urine and, to a lesser extent, via expired air. The components of the mixture are metabolized by oxidative and conjunction pathways. The major urinary metabolites are mercapturic acids.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
解毒与急救
1. 用大量的水或盐水冲洗皮肤和眼睛至少15分钟，以清除污染的熏蒸剂。有些熏蒸剂对角膜有腐蚀性，可能导致失明。在用大量清水冲洗干净后，应立即获得专业医疗救治。皮肤污染可能导致水泡和深度化学烧伤。在没有吸入熏蒸剂的情况下，某些熏蒸剂通过皮肤的吸收就足以引起系统性中毒。由于所有这些原因，眼睛和皮肤的清洗必须立即进行且彻底。
2. 立即将吸入熏蒸剂的受害者移至新鲜空气处。即使最初的症状和体征轻微，也要让受害者保持安静，处于半躺卧位。最小限度的身体活动可以减少肺水肿的可能性。
3. 如果受害者停止呼吸，清除气道分泌物，并用正压氧气装置进行复苏。如果没有正压氧气装置，使用胸外按压来维持呼吸。如果受害者无脉搏，进行心脏复苏。
4. 如果出现肺水肿迹象，有几种措施可以维持生命。然而，在处理每个病例时必须依赖医疗判断。通常推荐以下程序：
A. 将受害者置于有靠背的坐位。
B. 使用间歇性和/或连续正压氧气来缓解低氧血症。
C. 缓慢给予呋塞米（速尿）40毫克或乙酰螺旋霉素50毫克，通过诱导利尿来减少静脉负荷。
D. 小剂量（5-10毫克）的吗啡缓慢静脉注射，以减轻焦虑并促进更深层次的呼吸。
E. 缓慢静脉注射氨茶碱（0.25-0.50克）。
F. 考虑使用洋地黄，但在缺氧和中毒的心肌中存在严重的心律失常风险。
G. 在某些情况下可能需要气管切开术，以便吸出大量的肺水肿液体。
H. 肾上腺素、阿托品和祛痰药通常无效，可能会使治疗复杂化。
I. 注意复发肺水肿，甚至在初次发作后2周内。限制受害者的身体活动至少4周。严重的身体虚弱通常表明持续的肺损伤。连续的肺功能测试可能有助于评估恢复情况。
5. 通过将受害者置于特伦德伦堡体位并静脉注射血浆、全血和/或电解质和葡萄糖溶液来对抗休克，小心操作以避免肺水肿。应持续监测中心静脉压。由于心肌的易激性，血管收缩剂必须非常谨慎地给予。
6. 控制抽搐。中毒最有可能发生在甲基溴、氢氰酸、丙烯腈、磷化氢和碳二硫化物的情况下。
1. FLUSH contaminating fumigants from the skin and eyse with copious amounts of water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Some fumigants are corrosive to the cornea and may cause BLINDNESS. Specialized medical treatment should be obtained promptly following removal of toxicant by copious flushing with clean water. Skin contamination may cause BLISTERING and deep chemical burns. Absorption of some fumigants across the skin may be sufficient to cause systemic poisoning in the absence of fumigant inhalation. For all these reasons, decontamination of eyes and skin must must be IMMEDIATE and THROUGH. 2. REMOVE victims of fumigant inhalation to FRESH AIR immediately. Even though initial symptoms and signs are mild, keep the victim quiet, in a semi-reclining position. Minimum pohysical activity limits the likehood ofpulmonary edema. 3. If victim is not breathing, clear the airway of secretions and RESUSCITATE with positive poressure oxygen apparatus. If this is not available, use chest compression to sustain respiration. If victim is pulseless, employ cardiac resuscitation. 4. If PULMONARY EDEMA is evident, there are several measures avilable to sustain life. Medical judgement must be relied upon, however, in the management of each case. The following procedures are generally recommended: A. Put the victim in a SITTING position with a backrest. B. Use intermittent and/or continuous positive pressure OXYGEN to relieve hypoxemia. ... C. Slowly administer FUROSEMIDE, 40 mg, or SODIUM ETHACRYNATE, 50 mg, to reduce venous load by inducing diuresis. ... D. Morphine in small doses (5-10 mg), slowly, iv to allay anxiety and promote deeper respiratory excursions. E. Administer AMINOPHYLLINE (0.25-0.50 gm) slowly, iv. ... F. Digitalization may be considered, but there is a serious risk of arrhythmias in an anoxic and toxic myocardium. G. TRACHEOSTOMY may be necessary in some cases to facilitate aspiration of large amounts of pulmonary edema fluid. H. Epinephrine, atorpine, and expectorants are generally not helpful, and may complicate treatment. I. Watch for RECURRENT PULMONARY EDEMA, even up to 2 weeks after the initial episode. Limit victim's physical activity for at least 4 weeks. Severe physical weakness usually indicates persistent pulmonary injury. Serial pulmonary function testing may be useful in assessing recovery. 5. Combat SHOCK by placing victim in the Trendelenburg position and administering plasma, whole blood, and/or electrolyte and glucose solutions intravenously, with great care, to avoid pulmonary edema. Central venous pressure should be monitored continously. Vasopressor amines must be given with great caution, because of the irritability of the myocardium. 6. Control CONVULSIONS. Seizures are most likely to occur in poisonings by methyl bromide, hydrogen cyanide, acrylonitrile, phosphine, and carbon disulfide. ... /Fumigant poisoning/
7. If a FUMIGANT LIQUID OR SOLID has been INGESTED less than several hours prior to treatment, quantities remaining in the stomach must be removed as effectively as possible by gastric intubation, aspiration, and lavage, after all possible precautions have been taken to protect the respiratory tract from aspirated gasric contents. A. Put in place a cuffed ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE prior to gastric intubation. Administer OXYGEN, using a mechanical ventilator if respiration is depressed. B. Lavage the stomach with a slurry of ACTIVATED CHARCOAL in saline or water. Leave a volume of the slurry in the stomach with an appropriate dose of sorbitol as cathartic ... . C. If treatment is delayed and if the patient remains fully alert, adminsiter activated charcoal and sorbitol orally. ... Repeated administration of charcoal at half or more the initial dosage every 2-4 hours may be beneficial. D. Do not given vegetable or animal fats or oils, which enhance gastrointestinal absorption of many of the fumigant compounds. 8. Intravenous infusions of GLUCOSE are valuable in limiting the heptotoxicity of many substances. Monitor central venous presure to avoid precipitating, or aggravating, pulmonary edema by fluid overlaod. The victim should be watched closely for indications of delayed or recurrent pulmonary edema, and for bronchophenumonia. Fluid balance should be monitored, and urine sediment should be checked regularly for indications of tubular injury. Measure serum alkaline phosphatase, LDH, ALT, AST, and bilirubin to assess liver injury. 9. HEMOPERFUSION OVER ACTIVATED CHARCOAL has been used in managing a case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning with apparent success. ... 10. EXTRACORPOREAL HEMODIALYSIS may be needed to regulate extracellular fluid composition if renal failure supervenes. It is probably not very effective in removing lipophilic fumigant compounds from blood, but is, of course, effective in controlling extracellular fluid composition if renal failure occurs. /Fumigant poisoning/
Stabilization: Treatment is largely supportive. Watch for respiratory depression & arrhythmias. Obtain arterial blood gases. Administer oxygen if there is evidence of altered mental status or dyspnea. Treat hypotension with volume expansion & vasopression. Use lidocaine or beta-blockers for ventricular arrhythmias. Skin: Remove contaminated clothing. Wash affected area with soap & copious amounts or water. Eye: Irrigate the eye for 15-20 min. Obtain a consultation if symptoms persist. Oral: Most of the halogenated solvents ingested in quantities of 1-2 swallows may be partially removed by ipecac-induced emesis if admin within a few hr to a patient who has not lost the gag reflex, is not seizing, is not markedly lethargic, or is not in coma. Observe the patient in the upright position to lessen the possibility of aspiration. Activated charcoal is probably ineffective. Inhalation: Move from the contaminated area. Provide a source of oxygen & prepare for mechanical ventilation. If the patient is unconscious & the pulse is absent, initiate CPR measures. Enhancement of Elimination: Maintain good ventilation. Hemodialysis or hemoperfusion are not likely to be useful because of the high lipophilic properties of these solvents. Antidote: N-acetylcysteine may restore depleted glutathione stores, but no adequate clinical studies are available to validate this possible treatment. Supportive Care: Watch for cardiac dysrhythmias, aspiration pneumonitis, hepatotoxicity, & hypoxic encephalopathy. Monitor for arrhythmia for at least 24 hr & for hepatorenal failure for about 3 days. Obtain a chest x-ray, arterial blood gas, EKG, serum creatinine, & hepatic aminotransferase. Check electrolyte imbalance daily. Treat renal failure with dialysis & hepatic failure with fresh frozen plasma, vitamin K, a low-protein diet, neomycin, & lactulose. Watch fluid & electrolyte balance. /Halogenated hydrocarbons/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
人类毒性摘录
该混合物对皮肤有严重刺激性。目前没有具体信息关于对眼睛的有害性，但已知其蒸气会刺激眼睛和上呼吸道。
The mixture is severely irritating to the skin. Specific information is not available on injuriousness to the eye, but the vapor is known to irritate the eyes & upper respiratory tract.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
通过皮肤吸收的情况尤其发生在液体被限制或处于丙二醇溶液中，后者减缓了蒸发。
Absorption through the skin occurred particularly when the liquid was confined or when in a propylene glycol solution which retarded evaporation.
... With all cmpd 80 to 90% of radioactivity was eliminated in first 24 hr. Major route of excretion of radioactivity was in urine, where 50.2, 80.7 & 56.5% of 1,2-dichloropropane, cis-1,3-dichloropropene, & trans-1,3-dichloropropene activity were found, respectively. The amount of (14)C-carbon dioxide exhaled was quite different for the two isomers. The cis-isomer yielded only 3.9% of dose & trans-isomer 23.6%, with correspondingly less in the radioactivity in the urine.
