Phenolics and Flavonoids Compounds, Phenylanine Ammonia Lyase and Antioxidant Activity Responses to Elevated CO2 in Labisia pumila (Myrisinaceae)
作者:Hawa Z.E. Jaafar、Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim、Ehsan Karimi
DOI:10.3390/molecules17066331
日期:——
A split plot 3 × 3 experiment was designed to examine the impact of three concentrations of CO2 (400, 800 and 1,200 µmol·mol−1) on the phenolic and flavonoid compound profiles, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and antioxidant activity in three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. (var. alata, pumila and lanceolata) after 15 weeks of exposure. HPLC analysis revealed a strong influence of increased CO2 concentration on the modification of phenolic and flavonoid profiles, whose intensity depended on the interaction between CO2 levels and L. pumila varieties. Gallic acid and quercetin were the most abundant phenolics and flavonoids commonly present in all the varieties. With elevated CO2 (1,200 µmol·mol−1) exposure, gallic acid increased tremendously, especially in var. alata and pumila (101–111%), whilst a large quercetin increase was noted in var. lanceolata (260%), followed closely by alata (201%). Kaempferol, although detected under ambient CO2 conditions, was undetected in all varieties after exposure. Instead, caffeic acid was enhanced tremendously in var. alata (338~1,100%) and pumila (298~433%). Meanwhile, pyragallol and rutin were only seen in var. alata (810 µg·g−1 DW) and pumila (25 µg·g−1 DW), respectively, under ambient conditions; but the former compound went undetected in all varieties while rutin continued to increase by 262% after CO2 enrichment. Interestingly, naringenin that was present in all varieties under ambient conditions went undetected under enrichment, except for var. pumila where it was enhanced by 1,100%. PAL activity, DPPH and FRAP also increased with increasing CO2 levels implying the possible improvement of health-promoting quality of Malaysian L. pumila under high CO2 enrichment conditions.
设计了一个裂区 3 × 3 实验,以研究三种 CO2 浓度(400、800 和 1,200 µmol·mol−1)对三种Labisia pumila Benth品种(var. alata、pumila 和 lanceolata)在 15周暴露后的酚类和黄酮类化合物谱、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和抗氧化活性的影响。HPLC分析揭示了增加的 CO2 浓度对酚类和黄酮类化合物谱修改的强烈影响,其强度取决于 CO2 水平和 L. pumila 品种之间的相互作用。没食子酸和槲皮素是所有品种中最丰富的常见酚类和黄酮类化合物。在升高 CO2(1,200 µmol·mol−1)暴露下,没食子酸显著增加,特别是在 var. alata 和 pumila 中增加了 101-111%,而在 var. lanceolata 中槲皮素大幅增加 260%,其次是 alata 增加 201%。虽然在新风条件下检测到山奈酚,但在所有品种暴露后均未检测到。相反,咖啡酸在 var. alata(338-1,100%)和 pumila(298-433%)中大大增强。同时,pyragallol 和rutin仅在新风条件下出现在 var. alata(810 µg·g−1 DW)和 pumila(25 µg·g−1 DW)中,但前一种化合物在所有品种中均未检测到,而rutin在 CO2 富集后继续增加 262%。有趣的是,在新风条件下所有品种中存在的柚皮素在富集条件下均未检测到,除了 var. pumila 中增强了 1,100%。随着 CO2 水平的增加,PAL 活性、DPPH 和 FRAP 也增加,这意味着马来西亚 L. pumila 在高 CO2 富集条件下可能改善其促进健康的品质。