Discovery of potent, selective 4-fluoroproline-based thrombin inhibitors with improved metabolic stability
摘要:
Previous reports from our laboratories described potent tripeptide thrombin inhibitors which incorporate heterocycle-substituted chlorophenyl groups in the PI position. Using these as lead compounds for further optimization, we identified sites of metabolism and designed analogs with 4-fluoroproline in P2 and cyclopropane-containing side chains in P3 as an approach to reducing metabolism and improving their oral pharmacokinetic performance. The large (300-fold) difference in potency between analogs containing (4R)- and (4S)-4-fluoroproline was rationalized by analyzing inhibitor-enzyme interactions in crystal structures of related compounds and by molecular modeling which indicated that the more potent (4R)-4-fluoroproline isomer stabilizes a proline ring conformation that is preferred for binding to the enzyme. An optimal compound from this work, 41, exhibits high potency in a coagulation assay in human plasma (2xAPTT = 190 nM), excellent selectivity versus the digestive enzyme trypsin (K-i = 3300 nM), and excellent oral bioavailability in dogs with moderate clearance (F = 100%, CL = 12 mL/min/kg). (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Metathesis-Based Approach to the Synthesis of 2-Pyridones and Pyridines
作者:Timothy J. Donohoe、Lisa P. Fishlock、Panayiotis A. Procopiou
DOI:10.1021/ol702684d
日期:2008.1.1
intermediates, which are in the correct oxidation state to undergo a base-induced elimination to reveal the aromatic 2-pyridone. This mild and novel approach to six-memberedheteroaromatic compounds then provides access to a wide variety of substituted pyridines in excellent overall yield.
Indium mediated allylation of glyoxylate oxime ethers, esters and cyanoformates
作者:Dougal J. Ritson、Russell J. Cox、John Berge
DOI:10.1039/b402764g
日期:——
An indium mediated procedure has been developed for the allylation of activated O-functionalised oximes and nitriles as exemplified by a variety of glyoxylate derivatives. This method gives the corresponding free (or protected) amine in a one pot-process. The method is regiospecific and is carried out under remarkably mild conditions so that even oxime esters can be subjected to the typical reaction conditions.
addition of water-resistant carbon radicals to glyoxylic oxime ether provided a new method for the one-pot synthesis of α-amino acids via a carbon–carbon bond formation. The reaction of 2-hydroxy-2-methoxyacetic acid methyl ester with benzyloxyamine and an alkyl radical gave the protected α-amino acids via the stannyl radical-mediated reaction. In the absence of Bu3SnH, the predominant formation of the
Intermolecular carbon radical addition to the carbon-nitrogen double bond of oximeethers and hydrazones was studied. The reaction of unactivated aldoxime ethers proceeded smoothly in the presence of BF3·OEt2 to give the alkylated products in high yields via the free radical-mediated carbon-carbon bond-forming process.
C-glucosyl, mannosyl and galactosyl 2-iodopropane, readily obtained from the corresponding C-glycosyl ketones, were coupled with (+)- or (−)-camphorsultam glyoxylic oxime ether with diastereoselectivity ranging from 70:30 to 80:20. C-glucosyl allothreonine was obtained by cleavage of the camphorsultam moiety.