erectile function. During the bulk drugsynthesis of vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate, six relatedsubstances (impurities), vardenafil dimer, vardenafil N-oxide, vardenafil glycene, vardenafil oxopiperazine, vardenafil oxoacetic acid, and phenyl vardenafil were identified, and these are reported herein for the first time. The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of these impurities
A protein-conjugated photosensitizer with mitochondrial targeting was synthesized for enhanced photodynamic therapy. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the produced ROS induced mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis.