Thermolytic Carbonates for Potential 5‘-Hydroxyl Protection of Deoxyribonucleosides
摘要:
Thermolytic groups structurally related to well-studied heat-sensitive phosphate/thiophosphate protecting groups have been evaluated for 5'-hydroxyl protection of deoxyribonucleosides as carbonates and for potential use in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. The spatial arrangement of selected functional groups forming an asymmetric nucleosidic 5'-O-carbonic acid ester has been designed to enable heat-induced cyclodecarbonation reactions, which would result in the release of carbon dioxide and the generation of a nucleosidic 5'-hydroxyl group. The nucleosidic 5'-O-carbonates 3-8, 10-15, and 19-21 were prepared and were isolated in yields ranging from 45 to 83%. Thermolytic deprotection of these carbonates is preferably performed in aqueous organic solvent at 90 degreesC under near neutral conditions. The rates of carbonate deprotection are dependent on the nucleophilicity of the functional group involved in the postulated cyclodecarbonation reaction and on solvent polarity. Deprotection kinetics increase according to the following order: 4 < 5 < 10 < 6 < 12 < 7 < 13 < 8 < 14 congruent to 19-21 and CCl4 < dioxane < MeCN < t-BuOH < MeCN:phosphate buffer (3:1 v/v, pH 7.0) < EtOH:phosphate buffer (1:1 v/v, pH 7.0). Complete thermolytic deprotection of carbonates 7, 8, 13, and 14 is achieved within 20 min to 2 h under optimal conditions in phosphate buffer-MeCN. The 2-(2-pyridyl)amino-1-phenylethyl and 2-[N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)]aminoethyl groups are particularly promising for 5'-hydroxyl protection of deoxyribonucleosides as thermolytic carbonates.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α-Primary and Secondary Amino Ketones: Efficient Asymmetric Syntheses of (−)-Arbutamine and (−)-Denopamine
作者:Gao Shang、Duan Liu、Scott E. Allen、Qin Yang、Xumu Zhang
DOI:10.1002/chem.200700594
日期:2007.9.17
Two beta-receptor agonists (-)-denopamine and (-)-arbutamine were prepared in good yields and enantioselectivities by asymmetrichydrogenation of unprotected aminoketones for the first time by using Rh catalysts bearing electron-donating phosphine ligands. A series of alpha-primary and secondaryaminoketones were synthesized and hydrogenated to produce various 1,2-amino alcohols in good yields and
Herein, we describe the generation of an organochromium-type carbanion species from a non-activated C-H bond and its nucleophilic addition to aldehydes. The catalytic carbanion generation occurred through formal deprotonation of a non-activated C-H bond under mild conditions and did not need the prefunctionalization or anion stabilizing group. Carbon radical intermediates generated by decatungstate
Described herein are compounds that are useful as protein kinase inhibitors having the formula:
wherein Z
1
and Z
2
are each independently nitrogen or CH and Ring A, T
m
R
1
, QR
2
, U
n
R
3
, and Sp are as described in the specification. The compounds are especially useful as inhibitors of ERK2 and for treating diseases in mammals that are alleviated by a protein kinase inhibitor, particularly diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, restenosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.