氯化钾 | 7447-40-7

• 物质功能分类: 原料药 - 水、电解质及酸碱平衡调节药 - 电解质平衡调节药
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 碱金属盐
• 中文名称: 氯化钾
• 中文别名: IC钾标准品；水中钾离子成分分析标准物质；氯化钾浓缩液
• 英文名称: potassium chloride
• 英文别名: KCl；potassium;chloride
• CAS: 7447-40-7；14336-88-0
• 化学式: ClK
• 分子量: 74.5513
• InChiKey: WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M

物化性质

• 熔点：
  770 °C (lit.)
• 沸点：
  1420°C
• 密度：
  1.98 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
• 闪点：
  1500°C
• 溶解度：
  可溶于水中
• 最大波长(λmax)：
  λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.02λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01
• 介电常数：
  a/nm
• 物理描述：
  Potassium chloride appears as white colorless cubic crystals. Strong saline taste. (NTP, 1992)
• 颜色/状态：
  White crystals or crystalline powder
• 气味：
  Odorless
• 味道：
  Strong saline taste

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -5.99
• 重原子数：
  2
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  1

ADMET

代谢

消除途径：钾是正常饮食成分，在稳态条件下，从胃肠道吸收的钾量等于尿液中排出的钾量。无论何时，通过肾脏排泄和/或从胃肠道丢失的钾的速率超过了钾的摄入速率，都会发生钾的耗尽。

Route of Elimination: Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and, under steady-state conditions, the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. Potassium depletion will occur whenever the rate of potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

氯化钾（KCl）由无味的白色晶体或结晶性粉末或白色颗粒状粉末或无色晶体组成，具有强烈的咸味。目前在美国没有注册为农药使用，但批准的农药用途可能会定期更改，因此必须咨询联邦、州和地方当局以获取当前批准的用途。KCl用于预防和治疗钾缺乏症，例如在使用噻嗪类利尿剂或皮质类固醇的情况下，出现过度呕吐或腹泻，或饮食中缺乏钾；在治疗累积洋地黄中毒；以及作为致命注射的组成部分。它还用于化肥工业作为钾肥，以及用于摄影的缓冲溶液。已经确定氯化钾在液压破碎中被用作粘土稳定剂。人类暴露和毒性：KCl是维持细胞内渗透压和缓冲、细胞通透性、酸碱平衡、肌肉收缩和神经功能的必需成分。在人类中，急性口服毒性很少见，因为大量单次服用会引起恶心和呕吐，并且KCl在没有任何预先存在的肾脏损伤的情况下会迅速排泄。摄入氯化钾后急性中毒的症状通常是轻微的。KCl口服过量的表现是神经肌肉症状，形式为高钾血症，全身肌肉无力，上升性瘫痪，倦怠，眩晕，精神混乱，低血压，急性心血管变化伴心电图异常和心脏传导阻滞。胃肠道症状表现为恶心，呕吐，麻痹性肠梗阻和局部粘膜坏死，可能导致穿孔。有关于意外静脉或腹腔注射KCl的几个案例报告。经皮给药后急性中毒的症状类似于口服暴露后的症状，但可能更快出现并且更严重。一份关于KCl皮下注射的报告称出现化学烧伤和皮肤病变。在常规脊髓麻醉期间，将15 mL的15% KCl（30 mM）与布比卡因混合后硬脊膜外注射，导致永久性下肢瘫痪，并且一个装有氯化钾而不是布比卡因的小瓶被错误地打开，意外地给患者蛛网膜下腔注射，导致在注射后2.5小时内出现疼痛、抽筋和死亡。成人用于口服溶液的通常治疗剂量为1.5-3克/天以防止耗竭，3-7.5克/天用于替代。当KCl水溶液与人类志愿者的皮肤接触时，观察到皮肤刺激性阈值浓度为60％。当应用于破损皮肤时，阈值浓度为5％。由口服KCl引起的人类胃肠道刺激性效果已在大约31 mg/kg bw/天的剂量下报告。在一项对钾肥矿工进行的流行病学调查中，没有发现地下矿工易患所评估的任何疾病的证据，包括肺癌。动物研究：在为期两年的研究中，给大鼠喂食高达1820 mg KCl/kg体重的食物，没有观察到与治疗相关的致癌性证据。一项发育研究发现，在剂量高达235 mg/kg/天（小鼠）和310 mg/kg/天（大鼠）的情况下，KCl没有致畸或胎儿毒性效应。细菌测试中，无论是否代谢激活，都没有报告基因突变。然而，高浓度的KCl在一系列使用培养的哺乳动物细胞的遗传毒性筛选试验中显示出阳性结果。KCl在培养中的作用似乎是与增加的渗透压和浓度相关的间接效应。生态毒性研究：在鱼的短期急性毒性测试、水蚤和藻类的测试中发现了以下结果（最低测试结果值）：Ictalurus punctulus 48小时-LC50 = 720 mg/L；水蚤：48小时-LC50 = 177 mg/L；Nitzschia linearis：120小时-EC50 = 1337 mg/L。对无脊椎动物水蚤进行的慢性生殖测试给出了LOEC为101 mg/L。所有关于急性水生毒性和慢性水生毒性的研究都大于100 mg/L。因此，可以得出结论，KCl对淡水生物不具有危害。

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Potassium chloride (KCl) consists of odorless white crystals or crystalline powder or white granular powder or colorless crystals, with a strong saline taste. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. KCl is used as prevention and treatment of potassium deficiency, e.g. when thiazide diuretics or corticosteroids are used in case of excessive vomiting or diarrhea, or diets poor in potassium; in the treatment of cumulative digitalis poisoning; and as a component of lethal injections. It is also used in the fertilizer industry as potash and in buffer solutions for photography. Potassium chloride has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a clay stabilizer. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: KCl is an essential constituent of the body for intracellular osmotic pressure and buffering, cell permeability, acid-base balance, muscle contraction and nerve function. In humans, acute oral toxicity is rare because large single doses induce nausea and vomiting, and because KCl is rapidly excreted in the absence of any pre-existing kidney damage. Symptoms of acute poisoning after ingestion of potassium chloride are usually mild. KCl oral overdoses manifests in neuromuscular signs in the form of hyperkalemia, general muscular weakness and ascending paralysis, listlessness, vertigo, mental confusion, hypotension, acute cardiovascular changes with ECG abnormalities, and heart block. Gastrointestinal symptoms manifest as nausea, vomiting, paralytic ileus, and local mucosal necrosis, which may lead to perforation. There are several case reports of accidental iv or ip administrations of KCl. Symptoms of acute poisoning after parenteral administration are similar to symptoms after oral exposure but can appear more promptly and be more severe. A case report of a subcutaneous injection of KCl reports chemical burns and skin lesions. During routine spinal anesthesia, an injection of 15 mL of 15% KCl (30 mM) mixed with bupivacaine epidurally caused permanent parapalegia and an ampule of potassium chloride, instead of bupivacaine, was mistakenly opened and inadvertently administered intrathecally to a patient, resulting in pain, cramps, and death within 2.5 hours of injection. Usual therapeutic doses of potassium for oral solution-adults are 1.5-3 g/day to prevent depletion, and 3-7.5 g/day for replacement. A threshold concentration for skin irritancy of 60 % was seen when KCl in aqueous solution was in contact with skin of human volunteers. The threshold concentration when applied to broken skin was 5 %. Gastro-intestinal irritant effects in humans caused by KCl administrated orally have been reported at doses from about 31 mg/kg bw/day. One epidemiological investigation among potash miners disclosed no evidence of predisposition of underground miners to any of the diseases evaluated, including lung cancer. ANIMAL STUDIES: No evidence of treatment-related carcinogenicity was observed in rats administered up to 1820 mg KCl/kg body weight/day through the food in a 2 year study. A developmental study revealed no fetotoxic or teratogenic effects of KCl in doses up to 235 mg/kg/day (mice) and 310 mg/kg/day (rats). No gene mutations were reported in bacterial tests, with and without metabolic activation. However, high concentrations of KCl showed positive results in a range of genotoxic screening assays using mammalian cells in culture. The action of KCl in culture seems to be an indirect effect associated with an increased osmotic pressure and concentration. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In short-term acute toxicity tests with fish, daphnia and algae the following results were found (lowest test result values): Ictalurus punctulus 48hr-LC50 = 720 mg/L; Daphnia magna: 48h-LC50 = 177 mg/L; Nitzschia linearis: 120 h-EC50 = 1337 mg/L. A chronic reproductive test with the invertebrate Daphnia magna gave a LOEC of 101 mg/L. All the studies compiled on the acute and chronic aquatic toxicity were > 100 mg/L. Thus it is concluded that KCl is not hazardous to freshwater organisms.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

以高钾食物或氯化钾的形式补充钾可能能够恢复正常的钾水平。

Supplemental potassium in the form of high potassium food or potassium chloride may be able to restore normal potassium levels.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

口服钾盐对具有正常排钾机制的人很少会导致严重的高钾血症。然而，如果排钾机制受损，或者钾盐静脉注射过快，可能会导致潜在致命的高钾血症。重要的是要认识到高钾血症通常没有症状，可能仅表现为血清钾浓度升高（6.5-8.0毫当量/升）和特征性的心电图变化（T波尖峰、P波消失、S-T段压低和QT间期延长）。晚期表现包括肌肉麻痹和心脏停搏导致的心血管崩溃（9-12毫当量/升）。

The administration of oral potassium salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for potassium rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired, of if potassium is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result. It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum potassium concentration (6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peaking of T-waves, loss of P-wave, depression of S-T segment, and prolongation of the QT interval). Late manifestations include muscle paralysis and cardiovascular collapse from cardiac arrest (9-12 mEq/L).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 在妊娠和哺乳期间的影响

哺乳期使用的总结：目前没有关于哺乳期间使用纤维素和柠檬酸的数据。然而，由于该药物不会从胃肠道被吸收，因此它无法进入母乳。哺乳期间可以使用纤维素和柠檬酸。 对哺乳婴儿的影响：截至修订日期，没有找到相关的已发布信息。 对泌乳和母乳的影响：截至修订日期，没有找到相关的已发布信息。

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:No data are available on cellulose and citric acid use during breastfeeding. However, the drug is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so it cannot enter the breastmilk. Cellulose and citric acid is acceptable to use during breastfeeding. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

钾是正常的饮食成分，在稳态条件下，从胃肠道吸收的钾的量等于尿液中排出的量。

Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and under steady-state conditions the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

钾是正常饮食成分，在稳态条件下，从胃肠道吸收的钾的量等于尿液中排出的量。无论何时，通过肾脏排泄和/或从胃肠道损失的钾的速率超过了钾摄入的速率，都会发生钾的耗竭。

Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and, under steady-state conditions, the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. Potassium depletion will occur whenever the rate of potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

在稳态下，尿液中持续排出的氯化钾和粪便中的排泄量等于每日摄入量。

At steady state continuous excretion of potassium chloride in the urine and faeces equals the daily intake.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

口服和静脉注射的氯化钾在细胞外液和细胞内空间之间达到平衡。

Orally and intravenously administered potassium chloride reaches an equilibrium between the extracellular fluid and intracellular space.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

几乎所有的口服氯化钾都会被吸收。摄入后的峰值水平和发生时间取决于所给予的制剂。

Almost all orally administered potassium chloride is absorbed. The peak level and its occurrence time after ingestion depend on the preparation administered.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险品标志：
  Xi
• 安全说明：
  S22,S23,S24/25,S26,S39
• 危险类别码：
  R36
• WGK Germany：
  1
• 海关编码：
  3104209000
• 危险品运输编号：
  NONH for all modes of transport
• 危险类别：
  5.1
• RTECS号：
  TS8050000
• 包装等级：
  II
• 危险性防范说明：
  P261,P305+P351+P338
• 危险性描述：
  H302,H315,H319,H335

制备方法与用途

根据提供的信息,以下是关于食用氯化钾的生产方法和用途的一些要点:

1. 生产方法:

• 重结晶法:使用工业氯化钾为原料,通过溶解、提纯、结晶等步骤得到食用氯化钾。
• 浮选法:使用钾石盐矿或砂晶盐为原料,加入浮选剂进行浮选后制得。
• 兑卤法和分解一浮选联合法:利用光卤石为原料,经过处理后提取氯化钾。

2. 用途:

• 食用方面:作为营养增补剂、胶凝剂等用于调味品生产,制成低钠产品强化钾含量。
• 药用方面:作为利尿剂和防治缺钾症的药物使用。

3. 主要特点:

• 水溶性好
• 味道淡
• 安全无毒

4. 注意事项:

• 食用氯化钾需要经过提纯处理,确保安全性。
• 在医药用途中需进行进一步精制和处理。

总之,食用氯化钾是一种重要的食品添加剂和药物成分,其生产方法多样,主要通过化学处理从矿石或卤水中提取。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  氯化钾 以54%的产率得到
  参考文献：
  名称：

  KABACHNIK M. I.; ZAXAROV L. S.; KUDRYAVTSEV I. YU.; XARCHENKO A. P.; TATA+, IZV. AN CCCP. CEP. XIM., 1979, HO 4, 896-900

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  氯化钡 生成 氯化钾
  参考文献：
  名称：

  GIRETH, ROBERT;KUBALA, ONDREJ ZILINA;BLAHOVSKY, LADISLAV;SKOPAL, JAN;KUCH+

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  5-羟基-1-四氢萘酮 、 氢氧化钾 、 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(p-tolyl)piperazine 在 氯化钾 、 盐酸 、 ice 作用下， 以 异丙醇 为溶剂， 反应 6.25h， 以There were obtained 19.40 g (93.5% of theory) 5-{3-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propoxy}-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalene-1-one hydrochloride的产率得到5-{3-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propoxy}-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalene-1-one hydrochloride
  参考文献：
  名称：

  3,4-Dihydro-2H-naphthalene-1-one-5-oxypropyl-piperazine compounds

  摘要：

  新的3,4-二氢-2H-萘酮-1-酮-5-氧丙基-哌嗪衍生物的化学式为：##SPC1## 其中，A为氢或羟基；X为氢、卤素、烷基或烷氧基；n为0、1或2；以及其药理学相容的盐。这些化合物在降低血压、镇静或催眠治疗方面具有显著的效果；此外，这些化合物具有抗水肿作用并减少毛细血管通透性。

  公开号：

  US03932411A1

文献信息

• Novel Tricyclic Compounds
  申请人：WISHART Neil

  公开号：US20110311474A1

  公开（公告）日：2011-12-22

  The invention provides compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II) pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pro-drugs, biologically active metabolites, stereoisomers and isomers thereof wherein the variable are defined herein. The compounds of the invention are useful for treating immunological and oncological conditions.

  本发明提供式（I）和式（II）的化合物，以及药物可接受的盐、前药、生物活性代谢物、立体异构体和同分异构体，其中变量在此定义。本发明的化合物可用于治疗免疫和肿瘤疾病。
• Functionalized monomers for synthesis of rubbery polymers
  申请人：——

  公开号：US20040063884A1

  公开（公告）日：2004-04-01

  The present invention relates to a rubbery polymer which is comprised of repeat units that are derived from (1) at least one conjugated diolefin monomer, and (2) at least one functionalized monomer of the structural formula: 1 wherein the R′ groups in repeat units and in different repeat units can be the same or different and represent hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups containing from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, wherein x represents an integer from 1 to about 10, and wherein the R groups in repeat units and in different repeat units can be the same or different and represent alkyl groups containing from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.

  本发明涉及一种由重复单元组成的橡胶聚合物，所述重复单元源自于（1）至少一种共轭二烯单体和（2）至少一种结构式为1的官能化单体，其中重复单元中的R'基团和不同的重复单元中的R'基团可以相同或不同，表示氢原子或含有1至约4个碳原子的烷基基团，其中x表示1至约10的整数，重复单元中的R基团和不同的重复单元中的R基团可以相同或不同，表示含有1至约10个碳原子的烷基基团或含有1至约10个碳原子的烷氧基团。
• Benzofuran derivatives
  申请人：——

  公开号：US20040063975A1

  公开（公告）日：2004-04-01

  Certain benzofuran derivatives are useful in the treatment of certain ischemic or inflammatory conditions, as well as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration or degenerative diseases in which mitochondrial dysfunction leads to tissue degeneration. They are also useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of such conditions.

  某些苯并呋喃衍生物在治疗某些缺血或炎症状况，以及神经炎症、神经退行性或线粒体功能障碍导致组织退化的退行性疾病中非常有用。它们还可用于制造用于治疗这些疾病的药物配方。
• Process for producing quinazolin-4-one derivative
  申请人：Nishino Shigeyoshi

  公开号：US20050080262A1

  公开（公告）日：2005-04-14

  A process for producing a quinazolin-4-one compound having the formula: [wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each represents a group not participating in the below-mentioned reaction, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 can be combined together to form a ring] which comprises reacting an anthranilic acid derivative having the formula: [wherein R 5 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group] with a formic acid derivative in the presence of an ammonium carboxylate.

  一种生产具有以下公式的喹唑啉-4-酮化合物的方法：[其中R1，R2，R3和R4各代表不参与下述反应的基团，并且R1，R2，R3和R4可以组合在一起形成一个环]，包括在铵羧酸存在下，将具有以下公式的蒽酰氨衍生物与甲酸衍生物反应：[其中R5是氢原子或烃基]。
• Novel, long-duration treatment for glaucoma
  申请人：New York Medical College

  公开号：US04906467A1

  公开（公告）日：1990-03-06

  The present invention relates to a method of and composition for reducing intraocular pressure. The method comprises administering to a patient requiring such reduction of intraocular pressure a therapeutically effective amount of 12(R)-hydroxy-eicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (12(R)-HETE). The method of the present invention is particularly useful in treatment of all types of glaucoma. The method is also useful in lowering intraocular pressure in preparation for eye surgery, particularly for the removal of cataracts.

  本发明涉及一种降低眼内压的方法和组合物。该方法包括向需要降低眼内压的患者施用治疗有效量的12(R)-羟基-5,8,10,14-二十碳五烯酸（12(R)-HETE）。本发明的方法特别适用于治疗各种类型的青光眼。该方法还适用于在眼部手术前降低眼内压，特别是白内障手术。

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