Stereoselective Synthesis of .alpha.-Amino and .alpha.-Thio .beta.-Lactones by Conjugate Addition of Amine and Thiol Nucleophiles to .alpha.-Methylene .beta.-Lactones and Their Decarboxylation to Allylamines and Sulfides
摘要:
The stereoselective, conjugate addition of secondary, cyclic amines (pyrrolidine and piperidine) and mercaptans (thiophenol, isopropyl, and benzyl thiols and beta-mercaptoethanol) to alpha-methylene beta-lactones 1 and 2 was investigated. The corresponding alpha-(aminomethyl) and alpha-(thiomethyl) beta-lactones 3-5 and 6-10 were obtained in excellent yields through protonation of the intermediary enolates. In methanol the trans isomers mere the major products, while considerable amounts of the cis isomers were formed in THF and acetone. The decarboxylation of these alpha-aminomethyl and alpha-thiomethyl beta-lactones as neat samples at 180 degrees C produced in excellent yields the corresponding allyl amines and sulfides 11-13 and 14-18 with retention of the initial beta-lactone geometry. This unprecedented sequence of Michael-type addition followed by decarboxylation, in which the alpha-methylene beta-lactones serve as allene equivalents, provides a useful alternative to the Wittig olefination for the preparation of allylic amines and sulfides.
.alpha.-Methylene .beta.-lactones as masked allenes and allene equivalents: some selected chemical transformations
摘要:
Selective chemical transformations have been performed on a number of alpha-methylene beta-lactones to illustrate that these highly functionalized heterocycles serve as useful building blocks in organic synthesis. Thus, thermal decarboxylation of these ''masked allenes'' provides a useful regioselective preparation of allenes with a predetermined substitution pattern. Nucleophilic addition takes place at the carbonyl group with ring opening, but free-radical addition, e.g., thiophenol, and electrophilic addition, e.g., bromine, proceed at the exomethylene group with preservation of the beta-lactone ring. [4 + 2] Cycloaddition with cyclopentadiene affords the expected beta-lactones, which on thermal decarboxylation lead to 2-alkylidenenorbornenes. This regio- and stereoselective transformation establishes the alpha-methylene beta-lactones as valuable allene equivalents. The alpha-methylene beta-lactones serve also as dipolarophiles by undergoing readily 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with diazoalkanes. Reaction with Lawesson's reagent affords a hitherto unknown alpha-methylene beta-(S)-lactone.