八溴二苯醚 | 32536-52-0

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 苯类化合物 - 苯和取代衍生物
• 中文名称: 八溴二苯醚
• 中文别名: 氧化八溴二苯
• 英文名称: 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octabromodiphenyl ether
• 英文别名: Octabromodiphenyl ether；1,2,3,4-tetrabromo-5-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenoxy)benzene
• CAS: 32536-52-0
• 化学式: C₁₂H₂Br₈O
• 分子量: 801.379
• InChiKey: ORYGKUIDIMIRNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  220 - 225°C
• 密度：
  2.76 g/cm3
• 溶解度：
  氯仿（微溶）、THF（微溶）
• 物理描述：
  WHITE FLAKES OR POWDER.
• 蒸汽压力：
  negligible

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  9
• 重原子数：
  21
• 可旋转键数：
  2
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  9.2
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  1

ADMET

代谢

多溴联苯可以通过口服、吸入和皮肤途径被吸收。一旦进入人体，它们会分布到全身并在血液、母乳和脂肪组织中生物累积。PBDE的代谢程度取决于溴化的程度。代谢过程被认为涉及脱溴和甲基化，产生酚类代谢物。代谢和未代谢的PDBE化合物主要通过粪便排出。(L628, L881)

Polybrominated biphenyls can be absorbed through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Once in the body they distribute throughout and bioaccumulate in the blood, breast milk, and adipose tissue. The extent of PBDE metabolism depends on the degree of bromination. Metabolism is believed to involve debromination and methylation, resulting in phenolic metabolites. Metabolized and unmetabolized PDBE compounds are excreted mainly in the faeces. (L628, L881)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

动物数据显示，通过口服或吸入途径，八溴二苯醚（OBDPE）会被吸收，并且亲本化合物或其代谢物会在肝脏中积累，吸入给药后还会在脂肪组织和肺中积累。从现有数据中无法评估吸收和消除的程度。关于OBDPE的代谢信息尚不可用。口服给药后，OBDPE是外源性代谢的诱导剂。关于OBDPE经皮吸收的测量数据尚未有。然而，根据OBDPE的理化性质和与多氯联苯（PCBs）的相似性，可以估计经皮吸收率为4.5%。来自人类的证据表明，OBDPE、HxBDPE、HpBDPE和非BDPE等商业OBDPE的成分可以被吸收进入体内并分布到血液中。至少对于OBDPE和HxBDPE，已在脂肪组织中观察到分布。关于OBDPE从人类脂肪组织中消除的速度或生物积累的数据尚不可用，对于PeBDPO也没有数据，但由于这些化合物的高脂溶性和大鼠口服或吸入途径后脂肪组织积累的观察结果，可以假设OBDPE在人体内也可能在这些组织中生物积累。怀孕后，HxBDPE和其他PBDPEs（如TeBDPE和PeBDPEs）会通过乳汁排出。遗憾的是，对于OBDPE尚未进行此类测量。然而，基于OBDPE的高脂溶性、其可能在脂肪组织中生物积累的潜力以及HxBDPE（商业OBDPE的一个组分）在乳汁中测量的数据，可以预期OBDPE会在乳汁中排出。 动物中OBDPE的急性毒性较低。急性口服毒性数据显示，大鼠LD50大于28,000 mg/kg。在5,000 mg/kg以下没有报告死亡、体重变化或尸检病变。在10,000 mg/kg和28,000 mg/kg时，没有观察到死亡，但这些研究的更多信息不可用。在兔子中，使用DBDPE在闭合包裹下24小时涂抹，证明了经皮LD50大于2,000 mg/kg。在2,000 mg/kg以下没有观察到死亡。没有报告局部和全身毒性迹象，并且没有进行尸检。在大鼠吸入OBDPE一小时内的吸入LC50大于60 mg/l。在60 mg/l以下没有观察到死亡和毒性临床迹象。OBDPE不是经皮或眼刺激性物质。在动物中没有皮肤致敏的迹象。 关于OBDPE重复口服和吸入暴露的效果，唯一的信息来自大鼠服用商业OBDPE的研究。这些研究一致表明，在4周和13周重复口服给药以及14天和90天吸入暴露期间，肝脏是关键靶器官。在4周和13周重复口服给药从1,000 ppm以及13周重复吸入给药从16 mg/m3（分析浓度）时，甲状腺状态的变化是明显的。基于肝脏变化（从100 ppm . 7.2 mg/kg/day增加肝重和颗粒细胞质变化）观察到的LOAEL被认为是100 ppm . 7.2 mg/kg/day的90天饮食研究。基于在大鼠90天吸入研究中观察到的肝脏和甲状腺状态变化的NOAEC被认为是1.1 mg/cu m，而刚刚高于16 mg/cu m的浓度则观察到这些变化。 对于甲状腺稳态的干扰，已经报告了许多物种，包括人类在内，接触有机氯化合物后的情况，并且已经显示羟基化的PCBs以及DiBDPE和TeBDPE等PBDPE同系物对于血清转运蛋白transthyretin具有类似甲状腺激素的亲和力。据我们所知，尚未对OBDPE或DBDPE进行transthyretin-T4竞争的研究。吸入暴露后，局部毒性在2周内表现为杯状细胞的增生/肥大，并且在13周内表现为慢性活动性肺炎和肺泡组织细胞增多。显然，在1.1 mg/cu m观察到的效果是最小的，只显示出慢性炎症的趋势，然而这个值已被用来设定局部毒性的LOAEC。 关于诱变性，没有体内数据可用。然而，基于可用的体外数据，OBDPE被认为是非基因毒性的，并且不认为有诱变性的担忧。没有动物的慢性或致癌性研究可用。没有特定的生育力研究。最近在大鼠中进行的吸入亚慢性研究，设计良好且专门用于调查生殖器官，没有证明对雄性生殖器官的有害影响。因此，不认为雄性生育力有担忧。关于雌性生殖器官，在这个研究中，在202 mg/m3的组中，有3/10的雌性没有观察到黄体，而在对照组中为0/10。由于在大鼠20周龄时黄体的缺失被认为是罕见的发现，这个组中30%的发生率被认为是与处理相关的，因此，对于雌性生育力的NOAEC被认为是16 mg/m3。 在大鼠的两个研究中观察到了发育效应（从10 mg/kg/day降低胎儿体重，从25 mg/kg/day增加晚期吸收

Animal data show an absorption of Octabromodiphenyl ether (OBDPE) by oral or inhalation route with an accumulation of the parent compound or its metabolites in the liver and also in the adipose tissue and the lung following inhalation administration. The extent of absorption and elimination cannot be assessed from the data available. No information on the metabolism of OBDPE is available. Following oral administration, OBDPE is an inducer of xenobiotic metabolism. There are no measured data on OBDPE dermal absorption. However based on OBDPE physicochemical properties and analogy with PCBs, a dermal absorption of 4.5% may be estimated. Evidence from humans indicates that OBDPE, HxBDPE, HpBDPE and NonaBDPE which are components of commercial OBDPE can be absorbed into the body and distributed into the blood. Distribution to the adipose tissue was evidenced at least for OBDPE and HxBDPE. There are no data available on the rate of elimination or on bioaccumulation of OBDPE from human adipose tissue neither for PeBDPO but given the high lipophilicity of these compounds and the adipose tissue accumulation observed in rats following oral or inhalation routes, it can be assumed that in humans OBDPE might bioaccumulate in these tissues as well. Following pregnancy HxBDPE and others PBDPEs such as TeBDPE and PeBDPEs are excreted in the breast milk. Unfortunately, such measurements were not carried out on OBDPE. However, based on the high lipophilicity of OBDPE, its potential to bioaccumulate in adipose tissues and the breast milk measured data with HxBDPE (one component of commercial OBDPE), excretion of OBDPE in the breast milk may be anticipated OBDPE has a low acute toxicity in animals. Acute oral toxicity data indicate a rat LD50 greater than 28,000 mg/kg. No deaths, no weight changes or necropsy lesions were reported up to 5,000 mg/kg. At 10,000 mg/kg and 28,000 mg/kg, no deaths were observed but no more information on these studies are available. A dermal LD50 greater than 2,000 mg/kg has been demonstrated in rabbits using DBDPE applied neat under occlusive wraps for 24 hours. No deaths were observed up to 2,000 mg/kg. Local and general signs of toxicity were not reported and necropsies were not performed in this dermal toxicity study. An inhalation LC50 greater than 60 mg/l has been demonstrated in rats exposed with OBDPE during one hour. No deaths and no clinical signs of toxicity were observed up to 60 mg/l. OBDPE is not a dermal or an ocular irritant. There is no indication of skin sensitization in animals. The only information concerning the effects of repeated oral and inhalation exposure to OBDPE comes from studies in rats involving administration of commercial OBDPE. These studies consistently indicate that the liver is the key target organ within 4 and 13 weeks of repeated oral dosing and within 14 days and 90 days of inhalation exposure. The changes in thyroid status are apparent within 4 and 13 weeks of repeated oral dosing from 1,000 ppm and within 13 weeks of repeated inhalation dosing from 16 mg/m3 (analytical concentration). The LOAEL is considered to be 100 ppm . 7.2 mg/kg/day in the 90 day dietary study based on the liver changes (increase of liver weight and granular cytoplasmic changes) observed from 100 ppm . 7.2 mg/kg/day. The NOAEC for systemic toxicity is considered to be 1.1 mg/cu m in the 90 day rat study by inhalation route based on the liver and thyroid status changes observed at the concentration just above: 16 mg/cu m . Alterations in thyroid homeostasis were reported with organochlorine compounds for many species, including humans and a thyroid hormone like affinity for the serum transport protein transthyretin was shown for hydroxylated PCBs as well as for PBDPE congeners such as DiBDPE and TeBDPE. To our knowledge, no studies on transthyretin-T4 competition have been carried out on OBDPE neither on DBDPE. Following inhalation exposure, local toxicity was demonstrated with hyperplasia/hypertrophy of the goblet cells within 2 weeks of exposure and with chronic active lung inflammation and alveolar histiocytosis within 13 weeks of exposure. It is obvious that the observed effect at 1.1 mg/cu m is minimal and reveals only a trend to a chronic inflammation however this value has been taken to set up the LOAEC for local toxicity. Regarding mutagenicity no in vivo data are available. However based on the available in vitro data, OBDPE is considered as non-genotoxic in vitro and no concern for mutagenicity is assumed. No chronic or carcinogenicity studies in animals are available. No specific fertility study is available. A recent rat inhalation sub-chronic study, well conducted and specifically designed to investigate reproductive organs, did not demonstrate adverse effects on male reproductive organs. Therefore no concern is assumed for male fertility. Regarding female reproductive organs, absence of corpora lutea was shown in this study in 3/10 females at 202 mg/m3 versus 0/10 in the control group. Since the absence of corpora lutea is considered to be an unusual finding in rats at 20 weeks of age, the 30% incidence in this group was considered treatment-related and therefore a NOAEC for female fertility of 16 mg/m3 was considered. Developmental effects are observed in rats in two studies (decrease of fetal body weight from 10 mg/kg/day, increase of post-implantation loss with late resorptions, increase in dead or resorbed conceptuses per litter at 25 mg/kg/day (33.2% versus 4.3%); decrease in the average number of live fetuses per litter (8.9 versus 14.6) and fetal malformation/variation and delayed skeletal ossification at 25 mg/kg/day. Those developmental effects do not seem to be related to maternal toxicity. However, these developmental effects are not confirmed in a third assay in rats conducted with a test article containing a lower percentage of the OBDPE component. In rabbits, the substance produces only slight foetotoxicity from 5 mg/kg/day (slight decrease of the fetal body weight and increase in delayed ossification). The lowest identified NOAEL is considered i.e. 2 mg/kg/day from the rabbit study. Since some of these results are indicative of developmental effects which are most likely unrelated to maternal toxicity, OBDPE is considered as a developmental toxicant. With regard to neurotoxicity, recently behavioural disturbances have been reported when mice (10 day old) were exposed to a single oral dose of hexabromo-diphenyl ether (0.45, 0.9 and 9 mg/kg bw). Those effects are observed at 2, 4 but also 6 months of age. Nicotinic receptors were also affected in adult mouse in the previous conditions of exposure. The study has certain limitations compared with regulatory guidelines and thus uncertainty as regards interpretation of the results remains. Moreover only an abstract of this study is available with very few details. Therefore, no firm conclusion can be drawn from these data.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

像其他卤代芳烃一样，多溴联苯醚会与细胞中的芳烃受体（AhR）结合，该受体调节多种蛋白质的合成。AhR的激活诱导了许多酶的产生，包括细胞色素P-450依赖性单加氧酶CYP1A和CYP2B家族、UDP-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶和乙氧基芪素-O-脱乙基酶。PBDEs还被认为是干扰甲状腺激素的产生、运输和处理。一种机制涉及PBDEs的代谢物与甲状腺素竞争结合转甲状腺素，降低血清甲状腺激素水平。甲状腺激素水平的变化与甲状腺毒性和神经行为改变有关。某些PBDEs及其代谢物也是内分泌干扰物，可能作为雌激素受体的激动剂或雄激素和孕酮受体的拮抗剂。

Like other halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers bind to the cellular aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which regulates the synthesis of a variety of proteins. Activation of the AhR induces a number of enzymes, including cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases of the CYP1A and CYP2B families, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase. PBDEs are also believed to disrupt the production, transport, and disposition of thyroid hormones. One mechanism of this involves metabolites ot PDBEs competing with thyroxine to bind to transthyretin, decreasing serum thyroid hormone levels. This change in thyroid hormone levels has been linked to both thyroid toxicity and neurobehavioral alterations. Certain PDBEs and their metabolites are also endocrine disruptors and may act as agonists at the estrogen receptors or antagonists at the androgen and progesterone receptors. (L628, A262)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

多溴联苯醚可能影响甲状腺和肝脏。动物研究也表明，多溴联苯醚可以导致神经行为改变并影响免疫系统。

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers may affect the thyroid gland and liver. Animals studies have also shown that PDBEs can cause neurobehavioral alterations and affect the immune system. (L628)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

这种物质可以通过吸入和摄入被身体吸收。

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

吸收、分配和排泄

动物数据显示，通过口服或吸入途径吸收了八溴二苯醚（OBDPE），亲本化合物或其代谢物在肝脏中积累，并且在吸入给药后在脂肪组织和肺中也积累。根据现有数据无法评估吸收和消除的程度……关于OBDPE的皮肤吸收没有测量数据。然而，基于OBDPE的物理化学性质和与多氯联苯（PCBs）的类比，可以估计皮肤吸收率为4.5%。

Animal data show an absorption of octabromodiphenyl ether (OBDPE) by oral or inhalation route with an accumulation of the parent compound or its metabolites in the liver and also in the adipose tissue and the lung following inhalation administration. The extent of absorption and elimination cannot be assessed from the data available ... There are no measured data on OBDPE dermal absorption. However based on OBDPE physicochemical properties and analogy with PCBs, a dermal absorption of 4.5% may be estimated.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

人类研究表明，商业八溴二苯醚（OBDPE）的组成部分，包括八溴二苯醚（OBDPE）、六溴二苯醚（HxBDPE）、七溴二苯醚（HpBDPE）和九溴二苯醚（NonaBDPE），可以被人体吸收并分布到血液中。至少对于OBDPE和HxBDPE来说，已经证明它们可以分布到脂肪组织中。目前还没有关于OBDPE或五溴二苯氧化物（PeBDPO）从人类脂肪组织中消除的速率或生物积累的数据，但由于这些化合物的高脂溶性和在大鼠口服或吸入后脂肪组织积累的观察结果，可以假设在人体内OBDPE也可能在这些组织中生物积累。怀孕后，HxBDPE和其他PBDPEs，如四溴二苯醚（TeBDPE）和五溴二苯醚（PeBDPEs），会通过母乳排出。遗憾的是，对于OBDPE没有进行这样的测量。然而，基于OBDPE的高脂溶性和在脂肪组织中生物积累的潜力，以及测量到的HxBDPE（商业OBDPE的一个组成部分）的母乳数据，可以预期OBDPE也会通过母乳排出。

Evidence from humans indicates that octabromodiphenyl ether (OBDPE), HxBDPE(/hexabromodiphenyl ethe)/, HpBDPE (heptabromodiphenyl ether), and NonaBDPE (nonabromodiphenyl ether), which are components of commercial OBDPE, can be absorbed into the body and distributed into the blood. Distribution to the adipose tissue was evidenced at least for OBDPE and HxBDPE. There are no data available on the rate of elimination or on bioaccumulation of OBDPE from human adipose tissue, neither for PeBDPO /Pentabromodiphenyl oxide/, but given the high lipophilicity of these compounds and the adipose tissue accumulation observed in rats following oral or inhalation routes, it can be assumed that in humans OBDPE might bioaccumulate in these tissues as well. Following pregnancy HxBDPE and others PBDPEs such as TeBDPE /tetrabromodiphenyl ether/ and PeBDPEs /pentabromodiphenyl ethers/ are excreted in the breast milk. Unfortunately, such measurements were not carried out on OBDPE. However, based on the high lipophilicity of OBDPE, its potential to bioaccumulate in adipose tissues, and the breast milk measured data with HxBDPE (one component of commercial OBDPE), excretion of OBDPE in the breast milk may be anticipated.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

以大鼠为模型，研究了口服给药后多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的组织分布，并评估了用于评估体内负荷的合适基质。雄性大鼠分别通过饲料给予含有8或6微克PBDEs/千克体重的灰尘或玉米油，持续21天（每种处理4只大鼠），并测量了15种PBDE在不同组织、血浆和粪便中的浓度。PBDEs在所有组织中都有发现，包括大脑，并且对于大多数PBDEs，不同处理之间的分布模式没有差异。三至六溴联苯醚在脂肪组织、大脑、肾脏、肺和残留尸体中的总PBDEs占比超过80%，但在肝脏和血浆中不足40%。脂肪组织、残留尸体和血浆中三至六溴联苯醚的脂质重量浓度比率为1:1:2。对于七至九溴联苯醚，从脂肪组织到残留尸体再到血浆的脂质重量浓度比率为0.3:1:>4。BDE-209在肝脏和血浆中是主要的同系物，但在脂肪组织或尸体中未检测到。总之，较低溴代同系物倾向于均匀分布到脂质中，这意味着脂肪组织和血浆都适合作为生物监测的基质。血浆是检测较高溴代同系物（尤其是BDE-209）的最佳基质，尽管以脂质重量为基础往往高估了总体的体内负荷。

Using rats as a model, ... tissue distribution of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) /was investigated/ after oral administration and ... a suitable matrix /was evaluated/ for body burden estimation. Male rats were administered dust or corn oil containing 8 or 6 ug PBDEs/kg bw, respectively, in the diet for 21 days (N=4 rats per treatment), and the concentration of 15 PBDEs were measured in various tissues, plasma, and feces. PBDEs were found in all tissues, including the brain, and showed no difference in distribution patterns between treatments for most PBDEs. Tri- to hexa-BDEs comprised >80% of the total PBDEs in the adipose, brain, kidney, lung, and residual carcass, but <40% in the liver and plasma. The ratio of the lipid-weight concentration of tri- to hexa-BDEs in adipose tissue, residual carcass, and plasma was 1:1:2. For the hepta- to nona-BDEs, lipid-weight concentrations increased from adipose tissue to residual carcass to plasma in the ratio 0.3:1:>4. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in the liver and plasma, but was not detected in the adipose tissue or carcass. In summary, the lower brominated congeners tended to distribute equally into lipids implying both adipose tissue and plasma would be suitable matrices for biomonitoring. Plasma was the best matrix for detection of the higher brominated congeners (especially BDE-209), although on a lipid-weight basis tended to overestimate the total body burdens.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险等级：
  9
• 危险类别码：
  R61
• 包装等级：
  II
• 危险类别：
  9
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 3152

反应信息

• 作为产物：
  描述：

  2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenol 反应 0.5h， 以75%的产率得到八溴二苯醚
  参考文献：
  名称：

  一种多溴联苯醚单体的固相合成方法与应用

  摘要：

  本发明公开了一种多溴联苯醚单体的固相合成方法与应用，其解决了现有技术中对于多溴联苯醚的合成方法反应时间长、试剂腐蚀性大、后处理繁琐以及需要特制设备的问题，具有采用在研磨条件下固体超强酸催化合成多溴联苯醚的方法，避免使用强碱强酸性液体试剂，安全性高且清洁环保；合成时间为10‑30分钟，较“碘鎓盐‑偶联两步反应法”的反应时间大大缩短的效果。其技术方案为：包括如下步骤：溴代苯酚在固体超强酸的催化下发生脱水偶联反应，即得多溴联苯醚单体。

  公开号：

  CN106957218B

文献信息

• Rapid, Photocatalytic, and Deep Debromination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Pd-TiO₂: Intermediates and Pathways
  作者：Lina Li、Wei Chang、Ying Wang、Hongwei Ji、Chuncheng Chen、Wanhong Ma、Jincai Zhao

  DOI：10.1002/chem.201402477

  日期：2014.8.25

  significant difference between the Pd–TiO2 and pristine TiO2 systems, and much less position selectivity for the debromination on Pd–TiO2 was observed than that on the pristine TiO2 surface. For another polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDE15), pristine TiO2 was incapable of its photocatalytic reduction, whereas the loading of Pd enabled its debromination to diphenyl ether within 20 min. In addition, an evident

  带有表面负载钯的二氧化钛（Pd–TiO 2）在阳光或人工光源的照射下，在1 h内即可轻松地从十溴二苯醚（BDE209）中去除所有十个溴原子。相比之下，即使经过长时间照射（5小时），在原始TiO 2上也可以消除少于三个的溴原子。此外，在光催化脱溴过程中，所形成的BDE中间体在Pd-TiO 2和原始TiO 2体系之间显示出显着差异，并且观察到的脱溴在Pd-TiO 2上的位置选择性比在原始TiO 2表面上的位置选择性小得多。。对于另一种多溴二苯醚（BDE15），原始TiO2不能进行光催化还原，而Pd的负载使其能够在20分钟内脱溴成二苯醚。此外，在Pd-TiO 2上光催化脱溴BDE15出现了明显的诱导期。实验表明，Pd共催化作用会显着改变光催化还原性脱溴途径。
• Synthesis of Octabrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Aminodiphenyl Ethers
  作者：Daniel Teclechiel、Anna Christiansson、Åke Bergman、Göran Marsh

  DOI：10.1021/es071496o

  日期：2007.11.1

  to develop methods for the synthesis of authentic octaBDE congeners in order to make them available as standards for analytical, toxicological, and stability studies, as well as studies concerning physical-chemical properties. The syntheses of six octaBDEs, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-194), 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-196), 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl

  多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）是加成溴化阻燃剂（BFR），已在包括人类在内的非生物和生物环境中成为广泛的污染物。四溴六溴二苯醚和十溴二苯醚是最常见的环境多溴二苯醚污染物。八溴二苯醚（八溴二苯醚）的同源物来自使用过的工业八溴二苯醚混合物和高产量的工业溴化阻燃剂混合物“十溴二苯醚”的转化产物，其中溴化二苯醚主要由全溴化二苯醚（BDE-209）组成。本工作的目的是开发合成正八溴二苯醚同类物的方法，以使其成为分析，毒理学和稳定性研究以及有关物理化学性质的标准。六个八溴二苯醚的合成物2,2'，3,3'，4,4'，5，5'-八溴二苯醚（BDE-194），2,2'，3,3'，4,4'，5,6'-八溴二苯醚（BDE-196），2,2'，3,3'，4 ，5,5'，6-八溴二苯醚（BDE-198），2,2'，3,3'，4,5'，6,6'-八溴二苯醚（BDE-201），2,2'，3 ，3'，5,5'，6,6'-八溴二苯醚（BDE-202）和2
• Epoxy resin composition and molded articles obtained therefrom
  申请人：HITACHI, LTD.

  公开号：EP0103804A2

  公开（公告）日：1984-03-28

  An epoxy resin composition comprising (a) an epoxy resin, (b) an alkenylphenol polymer, (c) a curing promoter, (d) halogen compounds (compound) represented by the formula: and/or the formula: wherein X1 to X10 each represents a hydrogen, chlorine or bromine atom, at least three of X1 to X5 and at least three of X6 to X10 being chlorine or bromine atoms, and R represents an alkylene group or a hydroxyl-substituted alkylene group, and (e) a filler can give molded articles excellent in properties, particularly in heat resistance and flame retardancy, even if metal inserts are contained therein.

  一种环氧树脂组合物，包括(a)环氧树脂；(b)烯基苯酚聚合物；(c)固化促进剂；(d)由式： 和/或式 其中 X1 至 X10 各代表一个氢原子、氯原子或溴原子，X1 至 X5 中至少有三个和 X6 至 X10 中至少有三个是氯原子或溴原子，R 代表亚烷基或羟基取代的亚烷基，以及 (e) 一种填料，即使其中含有金属嵌件，也能使模塑制品具有优良的性能，特别是耐热性和阻燃性。
• Compositions and methods for reducing fire hazard of flammable refrigerants
  申请人：E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

  公开号：EP2455438A2

  公开（公告）日：2012-05-23

  The present invention relates to compositions comprising flammable refrigerant, fire hazard-reducing agent, and optionally a lubricant suitable for use in a refrigeration or air conditioning apparatus. Further, the present invention relates to compositions comprising lubricant and fire hazard-reducing agent and methods for reducing flammability of flammable refrigerant, for delivering a fire hazard-reducing agent to a refrigeration or air conditioning apparatus, and for replacing a non-flammable refrigerant with a flammable refrigerant.

  本发明涉及由易燃制冷剂、火灾危险降低剂和润滑剂组成的适用于制冷或空调设备的组合物。此外，本发明还涉及包含润滑剂和火灾危险降低剂的组合物，以及降低易燃制冷剂可燃性的方法、向制冷或空调设备输送火灾危险降低剂的方法和用易燃制冷剂替代不易燃制冷剂的方法。
• SCORCH RETARDANT HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANT COMPOUNDS AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROM
  申请人：PolyOne Corporation

  公开号：EP3699224A1

  公开（公告）日：2020-08-26

  A halogenated flame retardant polyethylene compound is disclosed containing at least one organic additive which presents in its molecular structure at least one nitrogen atom to serve as a scorch retardant to forestall premature crosslinking during manufacture of wire and cable insulation and/or jacketing, in order to obtain a flame retardant crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), and especially when the XLPE material is obtained via an alkoxysilane condensation-hydrolysis step.

  本发明公开了一种卤化阻燃聚乙烯化合物，其中含有至少一种有机添加剂，该添加剂在其分子结构中至少含有一个氮原子，可作为阻燃剂防止电线电缆绝缘层和/或护套层在制造过程中过早交联，从而获得阻燃交联聚乙烯（XLPE），特别是当 XLPE 材料是通过烷氧基硅烷缩合-水解步骤获得时。