Regiochemical and stereochemical studies on halocyclization reactions of unsaturated sulfides
摘要:
The regiochemistry and stereochemistry for the halocyclization reactions of unsaturated benzyl sulfides have been examined as a function of tether length, type of unsaturation (carbon-carbon double bond versus carbon-carbon triple bond), substituents, and halogenating agent. Alkenyl sulfides were found to react with iodine or bromine at room temperature to give five-membered ring cycloadducts exclusively over those having four-membered rings, while for larger systems, six-membered ring products are formed preferentially over their five-membered ring isomers and exclusively over the seven-membered ring adducts. The endo- versus exo-regioselectivity of these alkenyl sulfide ring closures most likely reflects the difference in thermodynamic stabilities of the beta-halo sulfide cycloadducts, which are able to equilibrate via a common episulfonium intermediate. The efficiency of the cyclization process markedly drops off for these alkenyl sulfides as the tether length increases beyond four intervening carbon centers. Thus, while the halogenations of 3-butenyl sulfides and 4-pentenyl sulfides give high yields of cycloadducts, those of 5-hexenyl sulfides afford only small amounts of cyclized products and large quantities of acyclic dibromides. Conversely the reactions of acetylenic sulfides with iodine give uniformly high yields and regiochemical control regardless of the tether length. Thus, 3-butynyl and 4-pentynyl sulfides cyclize cleanly to the five-membered ring while 5-hexynyl sulfides give exclusively the six-membered ring, The products arising from these alkynyl sulfide ring closures are believed to be formed under kinetic control. The methodology has been applied to the synthesis of unusual bicyclic beta-lactams related to the penicillin family of antibiotics.
Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Cross-Coupling Reactions of Primary and Secondary Homoallylic Electrophiles
作者:Benjamin J. Stokes、Susanne M. Opra、Matthew S. Sigman
DOI:10.1021/ja305403s
日期:2012.7.18
cross-coupling of homoallylic tosylate substrates using boronic acids and pinacol esters is reported. The reaction uses 2-(4,5-dihydro-2-oxazolyl)quinoline (quinox) as a ligand and is performed at ambient temperature. The scope of the reaction is broad in terms of both the boronate transmetalating reagent and the substrate and includes secondary tosylates. Mechanistic studies support an alkene-mediated
Pd(quinox)-catalyzed allylic relay Suzuki reactions of secondary homostyrenyl tosylates via alkene-assisted oxidative addition
作者:Benjamin J. Stokes、Amanda J. Bischoff、Matthew S. Sigman
DOI:10.1039/c4sc00602j
日期:——
relay Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of secondaryalkyltosylates, featuring a sterically-hindered oxidative addition and precise control of β-hydride elimination, are reported. The identification of a linear free energy relationship between the relative rates of substrate consumption and the electronic nature of the substrate alkene suggests that the oxidative addition requires direct alkene involvement
New method for the synthesis of α-substituted tetrahydrofuran-2-methanols through diastereoselective addition of THF to aldehydes mediated by Et3B in the presence of air
The tetrahydrofuranyl radical, generated from THF with Et3B in the presence of air, was found to react with aldehydes threo-selectively to afford α-substituted tetrahydrofuran-2-methanols, the common structural motifs of biologically active acetogenin polyketides, in moderate yields.
Ligand‐Dictated Regiodivergent Allylic Functionalizations via Palladium‐Catalyzed Remote Substitution
作者:Xin Wang、Han-Zhe Miao、Guo-Qiang Lin、Zhi-Tao He
DOI:10.1002/anie.202301556
日期:——
Palladium-catalyzed regiodivergent allylic C−H functionalizations were established via remote substitution, which provides a novel model for the seldomly studied migratory Tsuji–Trost reaction. 1,4-Hydrofunctionalization of a conjugated diene intermediate was demonstrated to be feasible via a newly synthesized bisphosphine ligand.