A Comparison of Commercial Microwave Reactors for Scale-Up within Process Chemistry
摘要:
Seven commercially available microwave reactors designed for limited scale-up have been investigated using a highly reliable and robust reaction (the Newman-Kwart rearrangement). The use of a single reaction has enabled the comparison to be made across the range of different reactor types and scales. Overall, all reactors gave reliable scale-up from small scale, and performance equivalent to one another on large scale. A more detailed comparison between them is given in the concluding section.
Palladium−Copper Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzofused Heterocycles with Two Heteroatoms: Novel and Highly Regio- and Stereoselective Syntheses of (<i>E</i>)-2-(2-Arylvinyl)-3-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazoles and (<i>E</i>)-2-Alkyl(aryl)idene-3,4-dihydro-2<i>H</i>-1,4-benzothiazines
作者:Nitya G. Kundu、Bidisha Nandi
DOI:10.1021/jo001783+
日期:2001.6.1
A highly novel, general, and convenient palladium and copper-catalyzed procedure has been developed for the synthesis of (E)-2-(2-arylvinyl)-3-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazoles 28-40. 3-(2-Aminophenylthio)prop-1-yne 1 reacts with aryl iodides 2-14 under palladium-copper catalysis to yield the disubstituted alkynes 15-27 which after tosylation undergo a novel cyclization with CuI in the presence
Photothermal Conversion by Carbon Black Facilitates Aryl Migration by Photon‐Promoted Temperature Gradients
作者:Megan E. Matter、Lejla Čamdžić、Erin E. Stache
DOI:10.1002/anie.202308648
日期:2023.10.2
Photothermal conversion enables thermal gradients that facilitate high activation barrier reactions, such as the Newman Kwart Rearrangement. Substrates normally requiring bulk temperatures >250 °C are easily converted via visible light irradiation with short reaction times. Wavelength and intensity tunability enable selective product formation.
光热转换可实现热梯度,从而促进高活化势垒反应,例如纽曼夸特重排。通常需要> 250 °C 整体温度的基材可以通过可见光照射轻松转换,反应时间短。波长和强度的可调性能够选择性地形成产物。
Scaling-Out Pharmaceutical Reactions in an Automated Stop-Flow Microwave Reactor
作者:Jonathan D. Moseley、Emily K. Woodman
DOI:10.1021/op800091p
日期:2008.9.19
Six pharmaceutically relevant reactions were assessed for scale-out in an automated stop-flow microwave reactor. Daily throughputs of between 50 and 250 g were achieved at typical reaction concentrations; for more concentrated reactions, or with 24 h processing, productivity of 0.5-1.5 kg per day was achievable. This study confirms that the stop-flow approach in combination with rapid microwave heating can be equivalent to conventional continuous flow technology with comparable productivities.
The Conversion of Phenols to Thiophenols via Dialkylthiocarbamates<sup>1</sup>