Complexation of Na+ in Redox-Active Ferrocene Crown Ethers, a Structural Investigation, and an Unexpected Case of Li+ Selectivity
作者:Herbert Plenio、Ralph Diodone
DOI:10.1021/ic00119a018
日期:1995.7
The synthesis of several ferrocene crown ethers is described, which were designed tb selectively coordinate and recognize electrochemically small group I ions sandwiched between two 12-membered crown ether rings. The reactions of the [1,1'-ferrocenediylbis(methylene)]bis[pyridinium] salt [Fcdiyl(py)(2)(2+)] with diaza-12-crown-4 [H(N-2-12-C-4)H], aza-12-crown-4 [H(N-12-C-4)], and 1,2-ethanediylbis(1,7-dioxa-4,10-diazacyclododecane) [C(2)H(4)diyl-((N-2-12-C-4)H)(2)] yielded the respective ferrocene crown ethers 1,1 '':1',1'''-bis(ferrocenediyl)bis[4,10-bis(methylene)-1,7-dioxa-4,10-diazacyclododecane)] 10-diazacyclododecane)] Fcdiyl(N-2-12-C-4)(2)Fcdiyl] (3), [Fcdiyl(N-12-C-4)(2)] (2), and [Fcdiyl(N-2-12-C-4)(2)(C(2)H(4)diyl)] (4). Complexation of group 1 ions was evidenced by NMR, cyclic voltammetry, FAB mass spectrometry, and picrate extraction experiments. This last techniques was used to determine a complexation selectivity of 4 for Li+/Na+ approximate to 20:1. The redox potentials of the ligands 2, 3, and 4 were determined by cyclic voltammetry; addition of Li+ or Na+ results in anodic shifts of the redox potentials of up to 100 mV for (4Na+ and 140 mV for(4Li+. The X-ray crystal structures of [(2)NaClO4](2), [(2)NaBPh(4)](2), 3, 3 . 2HClO(4), 4, and (4)NaI were determined to understand the coordination behavior of these ligands and the metal ion selectivities displayed. The determining factor for the stability of the metal complexes is the orientation of the plane of the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring with respect to the CpCH(2)-N vector. In metal ion or proton complexes torsion angles of close to 90 degrees are preferred, which allow the equal participation of all donor atoms in the coordination of a cation. This property, however, prevents the complexation of Na+ or Li+ within the cavity formed by 3. Replacing one 1,1'-ferrocenediylbis(methylene) group in 3 by a sterically more suitable C2H4 bridge results in 4 and allows formation of the Na+-sandwich (4)NaI. In this complex strain is apparent, which leads to the preferential coordination of Li+ by 4. The results obtained in this study make it possible to set up a correlation of the anodic shifts Delta E of the iron redox potentials upon complexation of Na+ by ferrocene crown ethers and the inverse distance Fe-Na+ as determined by crystal structure analysis Delta E congruent to 1/(Fe-Na+). This indicates that crystal structures of metal complexes of ferrocene crown ethers can serve as reasonable models for the corresponding species in solution.