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氰离子 | 57-12-5

中文名称
氰离子
中文别名
4-(氰基甲基)苯甲酸甲酯;氰化物类
英文名称
cyanide(1-)
英文别名
cyanide;Cyanide ion
氰离子化学式
CAS
57-12-5
化学式
CN
mdl
——
分子量
26.0177
InChiKey
XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    148 °C (decomp)
  • 物理描述:
    Aqueous solutions with a faint odor of bitter almonds. Toxic by skin absorption, by ingestion, and inhalation of the hydrogen cyanide from the decomposition of the material. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires involving this material. Obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping papers and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information.

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    0.1
  • 重原子数:
    2
  • 可旋转键数:
    0
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    23.8
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    2

ADMET

代谢
有机腈类通过肝脏中的细胞色素P450酶的作用转化为氰化物离子。氰化物迅速被吸收并在全身分布。氰化物主要通过罗丹酶或3-巯基丙酸硫转移酶代谢成硫氰酸盐。氰化物的代谢物通过尿液排出。
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
有机腈在体内和体外都会分解成氰化物离子。因此,有机腈的主要毒性机制是它们产生有毒的氰化物离子或氢氰酸。氰化物是电子传递链第四复合体(存在于真核细胞线粒体膜中)中的细胞色素c氧化酶的抑制剂。它与这种酶中的三价铁原子形成配合物。氰化物与这种细胞色素的结合阻止了电子从细胞色素c氧化酶传递到氧气。结果,电子传递链被中断,细胞不能再通过有氧呼吸产生ATP能量。主要依赖有氧呼吸的组织,如中枢神经系统和心脏,受到特别影响。氰化物也通过与过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、变性血红蛋白、羟钴胺素、磷酸酶、酪氨酸酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶、黄嘌呤氧化酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和Cu/Zn超氧化物歧化酶结合,产生一些毒性效应。氰化物与变性血红蛋白中的三价铁离子结合,形成无活性的氰变性血红蛋白。
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 健康影响
短时间内接触高浓度的氰化物会损害大脑和心脏,甚至可能导致昏迷、癫痫、呼吸暂停、心脏骤停和死亡。长期吸入氰化物会引起呼吸困难、胸痛、呕吐、血象改变、头痛和甲状腺肿大。皮肤接触氰化物盐可能会刺激并产生溃疡。
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
口服(L96);吸入(L96);皮肤给药(L96)
Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 症状
氰化物中毒的特征包括快速、深大的呼吸和呼吸急促,全身无力,眩晕,头痛,头晕,混乱,抽搐/癫痫发作,最终失去意识。
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

安全信息

  • 职业暴露限值:
    STEL: 4.7 ppm; 5.0 mg/m3
  • 危险等级:
    6.1(a)
  • 海关编码:
    2926909090
  • 包装等级:
    II
  • 危险类别:
    6.1(a)
  • 危险品运输编号:
    UN 1588
  • 储存条件:
    库房应保持通风、低温和干燥,并将这些物品与其他化学品如氯酸盐和亚硝酸钠(或亚硝酸钾)分开储存和运输。

SDS

SDS:b0378ac13ac2efc6b6851b740bf7a180
查看

制备方法与用途

类别:有毒物品

毒性分级:剧毒

急性毒性:腹注-小鼠 LD50: 3毫克/公斤

可燃性危险特性:不燃;遇酸分解产生有毒的氰化氢气体

储运特性:库房需通风、低温和干燥;应与氯酸盐、亚硝酸钠(钾)分开储存运输

灭火剂:使用雾状水进行灭火

职业标准:

  • 时间加权平均容许浓度(TWA):5毫克/立方米 (CN)
  • 短时间暴露极限(STEL):10毫克/立方米 (CN)

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    氰离子 以 melt 为溶剂, 生成
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Gmelin Handbook: C: MVol.D1, 4.3.4, page 47 - 50
    摘要:
    DOI:
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    在 helium ions 作用下, 以 gaseous matrix 为溶剂, 生成 氰离子
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Vibrational product states from reactions of CNwith the hydrogen halides and hydrogen atoms
    摘要:
    Infrared chemiluminescence is observed from the C–H stretch manifold ν3 of HCN formed in the gas phase ion–molecule reactions: CN−+HX→HCN(v3)+X−, with (X = Cl, Br, I), and for CN−+H→HCN(v3)+e−. Qualitative information is also obtained for excitation in the bending mode. In each case some excitation is observed in the highest level allowed by energy conservation. Comparison with similar studies of the reactions Cl−+HX shows that the stretching mode of the newly formed bond is less efficiently populated in the HCN case. Emission is observed from CNH (hydroisocyanic acid) formed in the reaction CN−+HI→CNH(v)+I−.
    DOI:
    10.1063/1.441006
  • 作为试剂:
    描述:
    富马酸氰离子 作用下, 生成 丁二酸
    参考文献:
    名称:
    氰化物作为一种原始还原剂可实现原代谢还原乙醛酸途径
    摘要:
    益生元代谢途径的研究主要基于非生物地复制还原性柠檬酸循环。虽然从简约的角度来看很有吸引力,但使用金属/矿物介导的还原的尝试已经产生了具有低效和不受控制的反应的复杂混合物。在这里,我们表明氰化物作为一种温和而有效的还原剂,可介导三羧酸中间体和衍生物的非生物转化。氰化物加合物的水解以及随后的脱羧作用能够将草酰乙酸还原为苹果酸,将富马酸还原为琥珀酸,而丙酮酸和α-酮戊二酸本身不会被还原。在乙醛酸、丙二酸和丙二腈存在下,出现了替代途径,绕过具有挑战性的还原羧化步骤,以产生在陨石中发现的代谢中间体和化合物。这些结果表明了当今代谢的一个更简单的益生元前身,涉及一种没有草酰乙酸和α-酮戊二酸的还原乙醛酸途径——这意味着现存的代谢还原羧化化学是由复杂的金属蛋白介导的进化发明。
    DOI:
    10.1038/s41557-021-00878-w
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文献信息

  • Selective detection of cyanide ion in 100 % water by indolium based dual reactive binding site optical sensor
    作者:Jong Ho Park、Ramalingam Manivannan、Palanisamy Jayasudha、Young-A Son
    DOI:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112571
    日期:2020.6
    characterized and its cyanide recognizing abilities are examined in 100 % water. The sensor attach with cyanide ion through nucleophilic addition to C atom of the indolium CN group. Also the sensor displayed colorimetric and fluorimetric behavior and it can be simply observed by naked eye. The addition of other chosen anions does not affect the sensor response towards cyanide ion. Test strip constructed
    设计,合成,表征了基于吲哚的传感器(R)系统,并在100%的水中检查了其对氰化物的识别能力。传感器通过亲核加成到吲哚C N基团的C原子上并与氰化物离子相连。传感器还显示了比色和荧光特性,可以用肉眼简单地观察到。其他选定阴离子的添加​​不会影响传感器对氰化物离子的响应。在R上构建的测试条是区分氰化物离子的便捷测试工具。此外,传感器的识别能力已有效地应用于真实水样中,并已通过HPLC技术进行了验证。因此,该受体可以用作感测氰化物离子水的有效传感器。
  • Synthesis, characterization and application of β-cyclodextrin-silica nanocomposite as potential microvessel in nucleophilic substitution reaction of phenacyl halides
    作者:Ali Reza Kiasat、Simin Nazari
    DOI:10.1007/s10847-012-0263-0
    日期:2013.12
    β-cyclodextrin-silica hybrid is synthesized as a novel, efficient and eco-friendly microvessel and solid–liquid phase-transfer catalyst. This molecular host system was applied for nucleophilic substitution reaction of phenacyl halides in water. No evidence was observed for the formation of by-product for example isothiocyanate or alcohol. Also the products were obtained in pure form without further purification
    在本研究中,β-环糊精-二氧化硅杂化物被合成为一种新型、高效且环保的微容器和固液相转移催化剂。该分子主体体系用于苯甲酰卤在水中的亲核取代反应。没有观察到形成副产物例如异硫氰酸酯或醇的证据。也以纯形式获得产物而无需进一步纯化。通过红外光谱、粉末X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、热重分析和差热分析技术研究了所得体系的结构和形貌。合成催化剂的表面孔隙率由氮吸附等温线评价。
  • Preparation and properties of the heptacyanomolybdate(II) anion and the crystal and molecular structures of its sodium and potassium salts
    作者:Michael G. B. Drew、Philip C. H. Mitchell、Chirostopher F. Pygall
    DOI:10.1039/dt9770001071
    日期:——
    compounds MI5[Mo(CN)7]·xH2O [(II), MI= Na, x= 10; (I) MI= K, x= 1] have been isolated from the reaction of molybdate(VI) with cyanide and hydrogen sulphide in aqueous solution and by reduction of the [Mo(CN)4(O)2]4– ion with hydrazine. Crystals of (I) are triclinic, Z= 2, space group I1, a= 9.069(8), b= 9.218(8), c= 9.029(8)Å, α= 89.51(8), β= 90.17(9), γ= 92.47(8)°. Crystals of (II) are triclinic, Z= 2, space
    化合物中号我5 [沫(CN)7 ]· X ^ h 2 -O [(II)中,M我= NA,X = 10; (I)M I = K,x = 1]是从钼酸盐(VI)与氰化物和硫化氢在水溶液中的反应中以及通过还原[Mo(CN)4(O)2 ] 4–离子而分离得到的与肼。(I)的晶体是三斜晶系,Z = 2,I 1空间群,a = 9.069(8),b = 9.218(8),c = 9.029(8)Å,α= 89.51(8),β= 90.17( 9),γ= 92.47(8)°。(II)的晶体是三斜晶系,Z = 2,空间群P,a = 16.527(12),b = 8.355(8),c = 8.324(9)Å,α= 105.48(9),β= 80.90(9 ),γ = 107.43(9)°。在衍射仪上测量了两种化合物的1 175(K)和2 790(Na)独立反射。用重原子法求解结构,并用全矩阵最小二乘法分别精炼至R
  • Structure–reactivity correlations in nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-substituted phenyl X-substituted benzoates with anionic and neutral nucleophiles
    作者:Ik-Hwan Um、Ji-Youn Lee、Mizue Fujio、Yuho Tsuno
    DOI:10.1039/b607194e
    日期:——
    A kinetic study is reported for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted benzoates (1a-1) and Y-substituted phenyl benzoates (2a-1) with two anionic nucleophiles (OH(-) and CN(-)) and three amines (piperidine, hydrazine, and glycylglycine) in 80 mol% H(2)O-20 mol% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. Each Hammett plot exhibits two intersecting straight lines for the reactions of
    动力学研究报道了4-硝基苯基X-取代的苯甲酸酯(1a-1)和Y-取代的苯基苯甲酸酯(2a-1)与两个阴离子亲核试剂(OH(-)和CN(-))和三种胺的反应(哌啶,肼和甘氨酰甘氨酸)在25.0 +/- 0.1摄氏度下于80 mol%H(2)O-20 mol%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)中的溶液。每个Hammett曲线对于1a-1反应显示两条相交的直线阴离子亲核试剂和哌啶,而相同反应的Yukawa-Tsuno图是线性的。2a-1与肼和甘氨酰甘氨酸反应的Hammett图显示,与sigma(-)常数的线性相关性比与sigma度或sigma常数的线性相关性好得多,这表明离去基团的离去发生在速率确定步骤(RDS)。相反,与相应的与OH(-)和CN(-)的反应相比,sigma(-)常数导致的Hammett相关性比sigma度常数差,这表明离去基团的离去发生在RDS之后与阴离子亲核试剂的反应。1a-1与阴离子亲核试剂反应获得的较大的rh(X)值(1
  • A Simple Colorimetric Chemosensor for Naked Eye Detection of Cyanide Ion
    作者:Parisa Gholamzadeh、Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani、Negar Lashgari、Alireza Badiei、Alireza Shayesteh、Maryam Jafari
    DOI:10.1007/s10895-016-1879-z
    日期:2016.9
    A simple cyanide chemosensor tetranitrile compound 1 was designed and synthesized via an efficient method in the presence of nanoporous SBA-Pr-NH2 as the catalyst. The chemosensor exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting CN¯ among different anions through a visual color change from light yellow to purple. The results confirmed that the chemosensor 1 causes the color of the solution
    设计了一种简单的氰化物化学传感器四腈化合物1,并在纳米多孔SBA-Pr-NH 2作为催化剂的存在下通过一种有效的方法进行了合成。化学传感器通过从浅黄色到紫色的视觉颜色变化,显示出高的选择性和灵敏度,可检测不同阴离子之间的CN。结果证实,化学传感器1使溶液的颜色根据CN的浓度而改变。证明了传感器光学特性随CN浓度变化的线性变化。检出限为3.07×10 -7M是为CN计算的。开发了一种用于快速检测CN的简单纸质测试条系统。进行了TD-DFT计算以了解感应机制。
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