Aqueous solutions with a faint odor of bitter almonds. Toxic by skin absorption, by ingestion, and inhalation of the hydrogen cyanide from the decomposition of the material. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires involving this material. Obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping papers and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information.
Organic nitriles are converted into cyanide ions through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Cyanide is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
Vibrational product states from reactions of CN−with the hydrogen halides and hydrogen atoms
摘要:
Infrared chemiluminescence is observed from the C–H stretch manifold ν3 of HCN formed in the gas phase ion–molecule reactions: CN−+HX→HCN(v3)+X−, with (X = Cl, Br, I), and for CN−+H→HCN(v3)+e−. Qualitative information is also obtained for excitation in the bending mode. In each case some excitation is observed in the highest level allowed by energy conservation. Comparison with similar studies of the reactions Cl−+HX shows that the stretching mode of the newly formed bond is less efficiently populated in the HCN case. Emission is observed from CNH (hydroisocyanic acid) formed in the reaction CN−+HI→CNH(v)+I−.
Selective detection of cyanide ion in 100 % water by indolium based dual reactive binding site optical sensor
作者:Jong Ho Park、Ramalingam Manivannan、Palanisamy Jayasudha、Young-A Son
DOI:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112571
日期:2020.6
characterized and its cyanide recognizing abilities are examined in 100 % water. The sensor attach with cyanideion through nucleophilic addition to C atom of the indolium CN group. Also the sensor displayed colorimetric and fluorimetric behavior and it can be simply observed by naked eye. The addition of other chosen anions does not affect the sensor response towards cyanideion. Test strip constructed
Synthesis, characterization and application of β-cyclodextrin-silica nanocomposite as potential microvessel in nucleophilic substitution reaction of phenacyl halides
作者:Ali Reza Kiasat、Simin Nazari
DOI:10.1007/s10847-012-0263-0
日期:2013.12
β-cyclodextrin-silica hybrid is synthesized as a novel, efficient and eco-friendly microvessel and solid–liquid phase-transfer catalyst. This molecular host system was applied for nucleophilic substitution reaction of phenacylhalides in water. No evidence was observed for the formation of by-product for example isothiocyanate or alcohol. Also the products were obtained in pure form without further purification
Preparation and properties of the heptacyanomolybdate(II) anion and the crystal and molecular structures of its sodium and potassium salts
作者:Michael G. B. Drew、Philip C. H. Mitchell、Chirostopher F. Pygall
DOI:10.1039/dt9770001071
日期:——
compounds MI5[Mo(CN)7]·xH2O [(II), MI= Na, x= 10; (I) MI= K, x= 1] have been isolated from the reaction of molybdate(VI) with cyanide and hydrogen sulphide in aqueous solution and by reduction of the [Mo(CN)4(O)2]4– ion with hydrazine. Crystals of (I) are triclinic, Z= 2, space group I1, a= 9.069(8), b= 9.218(8), c= 9.029(8)Å, α= 89.51(8), β= 90.17(9), γ= 92.47(8)°. Crystals of (II) are triclinic, Z= 2, space
Structure–reactivity correlations in nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-substituted phenyl X-substituted benzoates with anionic and neutral nucleophiles
作者:Ik-Hwan Um、Ji-Youn Lee、Mizue Fujio、Yuho Tsuno
DOI:10.1039/b607194e
日期:——
A kineticstudy is reported for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted benzoates (1a-1) and Y-substituted phenyl benzoates (2a-1) with two anionic nucleophiles (OH(-) and CN(-)) and three amines (piperidine, hydrazine, and glycylglycine) in 80 mol% H(2)O-20 mol% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. Each Hammett plot exhibits two intersecting straight lines for the reactions of
A simple cyanide chemosensor tetranitrile compound 1 was designed and synthesized via an efficient method in the presence of nanoporous SBA-Pr-NH2 as the catalyst. The chemosensor exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting CN¯ among different anions through a visual color change from light yellow to purple. The results confirmed that the chemosensor 1 causes the color of the solution