Copper is mainly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, but it can also be inhalated and absorbed dermally. It passes through the basolateral membrane, possibly via regulatory copper transporters, and is transported to the liver and kidney bound to serum albumin. The liver is the critical organ for copper homoeostasis. In the liver and other tissues, copper is stored bound to metallothionein, amino acids, and in association with copper-dependent enzymes, then partitioned for excretion through the bile or incorporation into intra- and extracellular proteins. The transport of copper to the peripheral tissues is accomplished through the plasma attached to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin or low-molecular-weight complexes. Copper may induce the production of metallothionein and ceruloplasmin. The membrane-bound copper transporting adenosine triphosphatase (Cu-ATPase) transports copper ions into and out of cells. Physiologically normal levels of copper in the body are held constant by alterations in the rate and amount of copper absorption, compartmental distribution, and excretion. (L277, L279)
Excess copper is sequestered within hepatocyte lysosomes, where it is complexed with metallothionein. Copper hepatotoxicity is believed to occur when the lysosomes become saturated and copper accumulates in the nucleus, causing nuclear damage. This damage is possibly a result of oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation. Copper inhibits the sulfhydryl group enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonases, which protect the cell from free oxygen radicals. It also influences gene expression and is a co-factor for oxidative enzymes such as cytochrome C oxidase and lysyl oxidase. In addition, the oxidative stress induced by copper is thought to activate acid sphingomyelinase, which lead to the production of ceramide, an apoptotic signal, as well as cause hemolytic anemia. Copper-induced emesis results from stimulation of the vagus nerve. (L277, T49, A174, L280)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
People must absorb small amounts of copper every day because copper is essential for good health, however, high levels of copper can be harmful. Very-high doses of copper can cause damage to your liver and kidneys, and can even cause death. Copper may induce allergic responses in sensitive individuals. (L278, L279)
Breathing high levels of copper can cause irritation of the nose and throat. Ingesting high levels of copper can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and respiratory difficulty. (L278, L279)
Rats were fed a diet contain basic cupric carbonate, at doses of 0, 70, 220, 670 and 2,000 ppm as cupric hydroxide and 12 months, the levels of copper in the blood and tissues were determined by atomic absorption analysis. At the same time, fluctuations in the levels of iron and zinc, which are essential elements, were determined in the tissues. Levels of copper, iron and zinc in blood were practically unchanged after feeding for 12 months at the highest dose, 2000 ppm. Copper in the liver increased markedly at doses of 670 and 2000 ppm from 1 month, and the level reached about 50 times that of the control group. The level of copper in the kidney significantly increased at larger doses than 670 ppm. Iron concentration in the kidney did not change at smaller doses than 220 ppm, but significantly decreased at higher doses than 670 ppm. The level of copper in the kidney increased only at the highest dose. /Basic cupric carbonate/
Cation Distribution and Local Configuration of Fe2+ Ions in Structurally Nonequivalent Lattice Sites of Heterometallic Fe(II)/M(II) (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) Diaquadiformato Complexes
作者：M. Devillers、J. Ladrière
DOI：10.1006/jssc.1993.1092
日期：1993.3
57Fe Mössbauer investigations are carried out on a wide series of heterometallic diaquadiformato Fe(II)/M(II) complexes with M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn to provide a local picture of the coordination environment of the 57Fe2+ ions as a function of (i) the nature of the host cation and (ii) the relative amounts of both metals in the matrix (between 50 and 0.25 at.% Fe). Information is obtained on the
Synthesis, structure, computational, antimicrobial and<i>in vitro</i>anticancer studies of copper(II) complexes with N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine
The present work consists of synthesis, structural characterization, spectral, density functional theory (DFT), antimicrobial, and anticancer studies of two copper(II) complexes, [Cu(THEEN)(DNB)](DNB) (1) and [Cu(TEAH3)2](DNB)2 (2). In these complexes, THEEN is N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, a tetrapodal ligand, and TEAH3 is tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, a tripodal ligand, and the
Recyclable nanoscale copper(i) catalysts in ionic liquid media for selective decarboxylative C–C bond cleavage
作者：Michael T. Keßler、Christian Gedig、Sebastian Sahler、Patricia Wand、Silas Robke、Martin H. G. Prechtl
DOI：10.1039/c2cy20760e
日期：——
Here we report the synthesis and application of finely divided Cu2O nanoparticles (Cu2O-NPs) in the range from 5.5 nm to 8.0 nm in phosphonium ionic liquids as the first recyclable and effective catalytic system for smooth, ligand- and additive-free protodecarboxylation of 2-nitrobenzoic acid as a model substrate and further derivatives. The reactions run with low catalyst loadings and result in quantitative yield in ten consecutive recycling experiments. In addition this system is highly selective towards electron-poor 2-nitrobenzoic acids.
[EN] MAGNESIUM CITRATE GLYCINATE CO-SALT<br/>[FR] CO-SEL DE CITRATE DE MAGNÉSIUM GLYCINATE
申请人：JOST CHEMICAL CO
公开号：WO2021126549A1
公开（公告）日：2021-06-24
A magnesium citrate glycinate co-salt has a formula of Mg2C8H9NO9 - X H2O and a suggested structure of Formula I. The magnesium citrate glycinate co-salt has an apparent density of 1740 kg/m3 and is compressible in a range of compression pressures from approximately 50 MPa to approximately 150 MPa. The magnesium citrate glycinate co-salt is formed by combining citric acid and glycine in a 1:1 molar ratio to form an aqueous reaction mixture and neutralizing the aqueous reaction mixture with a magnesium source having a magnesium:ligand ratio of 1:1.
一种柠檬酸镁甘氨酸共盐的化学式为Mg2C8H9NO9 - X H2O，建议的结构如公式I所示。柠檬酸镁甘氨酸共盐的表观密度为1740千克/立方米，在约50兆帕至约150兆帕的压缩压力范围内可压缩。柠檬酸镁甘氨酸共盐是通过将柠檬酸和甘氨酸按1:1的摩尔比混合形成水溶反应混合物，并用镁源中和具有1:1镁：配体比的水溶反应混合物而形成的。
Complex formation between <scp>D</scp>-lactobionate and bivalent metal ions. Studies in solution and in the solid state
作者：Alejandro A. Frutos、Luis F. Sala、Graciela M. Escandar、Juan Manuel Salas Peregrin、Manuel Gonzalez Sierra
DOI：10.1139/v97-046
日期：1997.4.1
temperature of 20.0 ± 0.1 °C and at an ionic strength of 0.100 M (NaNO3) with the corresponding stability constants calculated by applying computational methods. The interactions between the proposed cations with deprotonated D-lactobionic acid were compared with those corresponding to D-gluconic acid. Compounds of type: Co(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH, Ni(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH, Cu(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH, Zn(
去质子化的 D-乳糖酸（4-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡萄糖酸）与钴（II）、镍（II）、铜（II）、锌（II）、镉（II）之间的平衡反应, 和汞 (II) 已经在水溶液中通过电位和分光光度法进行了研究。所有测量均在 20.0 ± 0.1 °C 的温度和 0.100 M (NaNO3) 的离子强度下进行，并通过应用计算方法计算出相应的稳定性常数。将提出的阳离子与去质子化 D-乳糖酸之间的相互作用与对应于 D-葡萄糖酸的那些进行比较。化合物类型：Co(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH、Ni( )2•2H2O•C2H5OH、Cu( )2•2H2O•C2H5OH、Zn( )2•2H2O12•C2H2O12•C2H2H2H2H2O1 •2H2O•0.5C2H5OH 已被隔离。这些金属-糖盐通过元素分析、热重分析和磁化率分析以及 FT-IR、紫外-可见吸收、漫反射和
