acetic acid;dioxouranium

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 羧酸及其衍生物
• 英文名称: acetic acid;dioxouranium
• 化学式: C4H8O6U
• 分子量: 390.13
• InChiKey: IXSMFXMQHOBORU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -0.06
• 重原子数：
  11
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.5
• 拓扑面积：
  109
• 氢给体数：
  2
• 氢受体数：
  6

ADMET

代谢

铀通过口服、吸入和皮肤途径被少量吸收。体内的铀通常以铀酰离子（UO2）2+ 的形式存在，与阴离子如柠檬酸盐和碳酸氢盐或血浆蛋白结合。铀优先分布到骨骼、肝脏和肾脏。进入体内的铀大部分不被吸收，并通过尿液和粪便从体内排出。

Uranium is absorbed in low amounts via oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Uranium in body fluids generally exists as the uranyl ion (UO2)2+ complexed with anions, such as citrate and bicarbonate, or plasma proteins. Uranium preferentially distributes to bone, liver, and kidney. The large majority of uranium that enters the body is not absorbed and is eliminated from the body via the urine and faeces. (L248)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

铀与血液中的碳酸氢盐或血浆蛋白结合，但一旦进入肾脏，它就会被释放并与肾小管壁上的磷酸盐配体和蛋白质形成复合物，造成损害。铀还可能抑制肾近端小管中的依赖于钠传输和不依赖于钠传输的ATP利用以及线粒体的氧化磷酸化。铀通过损害肺泡上皮II型细胞引起呼吸系统疾病。铀诱导c-Jun N端激酶（JNK）和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38 MAPK）的激活，进而诱导肿瘤坏死因子alpha（TNF-alpha）的分泌，在肺部产生炎症反应。研究表明，铀盐越可溶，毒性越大。铀产生的电离辐射损害DNA，导致基因突变和染色体畸变。这可以启动和促进致癌作用，并干扰繁殖和发育。（L249，A160）

Uranium is combined with either bicarbonate or a plasma protein in the blood but once in the kidney, it is released and forms complexes with phosphate ligands and proteins in the tubular wall, causing damage. Uranium may also inhibit both sodium transport-dependent and independent ATP utilization and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the renal proximal tubule. Uranium causes respiratory diseases by damaging alveolar epithelium type II cells in the lungs. Uranium induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation, which in turn induces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion and generates and inflammatory response in the lungs. Studies have shown that the more soluble the uranium salt, the more toxic it is. Ionizing radiation produced by uranium damages the DNA, resulting in gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. This can both both initiate and promote carcinogenesis, and interfere with reproduction and development. (L249, A160)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌性证据

A1; 确认的人类致癌物。/铀(天然)，可溶性及不溶性化合物，以铀计/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Uranium (natural), soluble & insoluble compounds, as U/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

铀：第1组，对人类有致癌性（L135）

Uranium: Group 1, carcinogenic to humans (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

铀主要损害肾脏，但也可能损害肺部、中枢神经系统和免疫系统。铀的放射性被认为会损害DNA，导致致癌效果以及生殖和发育损害。

Uranium primarily damages the kidney, but may also damage the lungs, central nervous system, and immune system. Uranium's radioactivity is believed to damage the DNA, resulting in carcinogenic effects and reproductive and developmental damage. (L248, L249)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口服（L249）；吸入（L249）；皮肤给药（L249）

Oral (L249) ; inhalation (L249) ; dermal (L249)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

吸收、分配和排泄

含铀化合物从肺部到身体其他部位的传输性很高；这些包括六氟化铀、硝酸铀酰、氯化铀酰、氟化铀酰以及醋酸铀酰、硫酸盐和碳酸盐。中等传输性的化合物包括四氟化铀、二氧化铀和四氧化铀... 不溶性、轻微传输性的化合物包括高温烧结的二氧化铀、八氧化三铀以及铀的氢化物和碳化物。 /铀化合物/

Sol compounds are highly transportable from lung to other parts of the body; these include uranium hexafluoride, uranyl nitrate, uranyl chloride, uranyl fluoride, & uranyl acetates, sulfates & carbonates. Moderately transportable compounds include uranium tetrafluoride, uranium dioxide /&/ tetraoxide ... Insoluble, slightly transportable compounds include high-fired uranium dioxide, triuranium octoxide, & uranium hydrides & carbides. /Uranium compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

对于喂食燕麦饮食的兔子，尿液pH值从7.6降至4.2，静脉注射醋酸铀（3 mg/kg）的尿液排泄量在3小时内从21%降至7%，而对于注射生理盐水的兔子。对于注射0.87%碳酸氢钠的兔子，在同一时间段内有81%被排泄。这三种处理方案导致的肾脏含量分别为每克湿组织的65、25和4微克铀，而立即注射碳酸氢钠会使肾脏中的铀含量大约减少六倍。因此，肾脏中沉积的铀量主要取决于引入血液中的铀量、循环中的络合剂量、尿液的酸度和肾小球滤过率。

For rabbits fed an oat diet, the urinary pH dropped to 4.2 from 7.6 and the urinary excretion of intravenously injected uranyl acetate (3 mg/kg) dropped to 7% in 3 hr from 21% for rabbits infused with saline. For rabbits infused with 0.87% sodium bicarbonate, 81% was excreted in the same time period. The kidney content resulting from these three regimes was 65, 25, and 4 ug uranium/g wet tissue, and prompt bicarbonate infusion resulted in a roughly six-fold reduction in the uranium content of the kidney. Thus, the amount of uranium deposited in the kidney depends most importantly on the amount of uranium introduced to the blood, the amount of complexing agents circulating, the acidity of the urine, and the glomerular filtration rate.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

可溶性铀酰盐在小剂量时在哺乳动物体内的吸收率约为10%；不溶性盐吸收较差。铀盐从肌内注射部位和腹膜腔的吸收较差。... 可溶性铀酰盐也可以通过皮肤吸收。吸入后，铀盐从肺部组织进入血液的吸收取决于...溶解性和粒子大小。/可溶性铀酰盐/

GI absorption of small doses of soluble uranyl salts in mammals is about 10%; insoluble salts are poorly absorbed. Absorption of uranium salts from sites of im injection and from peritoneal cavity is poor. ... Soluble uranyl salts are also absorbed through skin. Following inhalation the absorption of uranium salts from the lung tissues into blood depends upon ... solubility and particle size. /Soluble uranyl salts/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

在急性人体暴露情况下，肾脏中的铀沉积物在2到6天的半衰期内被消除。吸入的溶性铀盐到达肺泡后几乎被完全吸收，然后迅速清除到尿液中、肾脏和骨骼，30天内肺部不会有残留。/可溶性铀化合物/

In acute human exposure situations, uranium deposits in the kidney are eliminated with a half-time of 2 to 6 days. Inhaled soluble uranium salts that reach the alveoli are almost completely absorbed and then cleared rapidly to the urine, kidneys, and bone, with none left in the lungs by 30 days. /Soluble uranium compounds/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

... 对比格犬在静脉注射0.3毫克/千克体重的六价铀后，骨骼组织中铀的保留情况进行了研究。注射剂量中有7.7%保留在骨骼组织中，从那里以平均半衰期两年半的时间被消除。消除过程在不同的骨骼部位有所不同，从不到一年到无法检测到的消除。最长的半衰期出现在皮质骨组织中。/六价铀/

... Studies /had been done on/ the retention of uranium in bone tissue of beagle dogs after iv injection of 0.3 mg U(VI)/kg body weight. Of the injected dose, 7.7% was retained in the bone tissue, from where it was eliminated with an average half-life of two-and-a-half yr. Elimination varied for different parts of the skeleton from less than a year to no detectable elimination. The longest half-time was seen in cortical bone tissue. /Hexavalent uranium/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)