(2E)-9-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-2-ethylidene-12-[(1E,3E)-6-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-7-phenylhepta-1,3-dienyl]-1,6,13-trimethyl-3,7,10,14,19-pentaoxo-1,4,8,11,15-pentazacyclononadecane-5,16-dicarboxylic acid

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 羧酸及其衍生物
• 英文名称: (2E)-9-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-2-ethylidene-12-[(1E,3E)-6-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-7-phenylhepta-1,3-dienyl]-1,6,13-trimethyl-3,7,10,14,19-pentaoxo-1,4,8,11,15-pentazacyclononadecane-5,16-dicarboxylic acid
• 化学式: C₄₁H₆₀N₈O₁₀
• 分子量: 825.0
• InChiKey: IXBQSRWSVIBXNC-ANPQUZCZSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  1.7
• 重原子数：
  59
• 可旋转键数：
  13
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.51
• 拓扑面积：
  285
• 氢给体数：
  8
• 氢受体数：
  11

ADMET

代谢

微囊藻毒素极其稳定，能够抵抗在大多数自然水体中发现的常见化学分解，如水解或氧化。这些毒素在高温（40°C或104°F）以及在非常低的（<1）或高的（>9）pH值下会缓慢分解。在pH为1和40°C的条件下，毒素降解一半所需的时间（半衰期）为3周；在典型的环境条件下，半衰期为10周。

Microcystins are extremely stable and resist common chemical breakdown such as hydrolysis or oxidation under conditions found in most natural water bodies. These toxins can break down slowly at high temperature (40 °C or 104 o F ) at either very low (<1) or high (>9) pH. The half-life, the time it takes for one-half of the toxin to degrade, at pH 1 and 40 oC is 3 weeks; at typical ambient conditions half-life is 10 weeks.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 毒性总结

微囊毒素的作用部位是肝细胞，这是肝脏中最常见的细胞类型。它们通过破坏细胞骨架起作用，细胞骨架是一种适应性蛋白框架，它不断地塑造和重塑细胞，以响应环境。细胞死亡，这会破坏肝脏的细小血管，导致大量肝出血。 其分子靶标是一组称为蛋白磷酸酶的酶，它们在调节蛋白相互作用和活性方面发挥作用。非常明确的蛋白磷酸酶类型（1型和2A型）会被极低浓度的微囊毒素非常特异地抑制。这种酶从蛋白中去除磷酸，这是许多生化途径中的常见步骤。这种抑制，以及随后磷酸化蛋白的积累，被认为是微囊毒素破坏肝脏的机制之一。 微囊毒素还能激活磷酸化酶b，这在肝细胞的事务中起着非常重要的作用。这种抑制和激活的结合对细胞来说是迅速致命的。这些毒素中的一些特异性使它们成为有价值的 research 工具。

The site of action of microcystins is the hepatocyte, the commonest cell type in the liver. They act by disrupting the cytoskeleton, the adaptable protein framework that constantly shapes and reshapes the cell as it responds to the environment. The cells die and this destroys the finer blood vessels of the liver leading to massive hepatic bleeding. The molecular target are a group of enzymes called protein phosphatases that play a role in regulating protein interactions and activities. Very well-defined types of protein phosphatase (type 1 and type 2A) are inhibited very specifically by very low concentrations of microcystins. This enzyme removes phosphate from a protein, a common step in many biochemical pathways. This inhibition, with subsequent build up of phosphorylated proteins, is believed to be a mechanism by which microcystins destroy livers. Microcystins also activate the enzyme phosphorylase b, which plays a very important role in the affairs of the hepatocyte. The combination of inhibition and activation is rapidly lethal to the cell. The specificity of some of these toxins makes them valuable research tools.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 致癌物分类

3, 其对人类致癌性无法分类。

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 健康影响

肝脏损伤。虽然微囊藻毒素-LR不致癌，但微囊藻毒素可能刺激癌细胞的增长。

Liver damage. While microcystin-LR does not cause cancer, microcystin may stimulate the growth of cancer cells.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

口腔

Oral

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)

毒理性

• 症状

微囊藻毒素导致人类中毒最常见的迹象是肝脏损伤。

The most common sign of human poisoning with microcystins is liver damage.

来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)