(+/-)-2-Imidazol-1-ylsuccinic esters were synthesized by thermal addition of imidazole to either fumaric or maleic esters. Acceleration of the reaction was achieved, in some cases, using microwave heating. These esters underwent an easy regioselective hydrolysis, under neutral conditions, to give the corresponding half-esters: (+/-)-3-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-imidazol-1-ylpropionic acids, through either BAC(3) or BAL(1) mechanisms. Kinetic studies in H2O and D2O as well as O-18 and O-17 labeling experiments supported the proposed mechanism. The results of these hydrolyses, which depended on the nature of the alcohol moiety, were compared with those obtained with some imidazol-1-ylacetate analogues or with (+/-)-2-pyrazol-1-yl- and benzimidazol-1-ylsuccinic esters. In general, imidazolylsuccinic esters hydrolyzed faster than the homologous derivatives from pyrazole or benzimidazole.
(±)-2-
咪唑-1-基
琥珀酸酯是通过将
咪唑与
富马酸酯或
马来酸酯在热条件下进行加成反应而合成的。在某些情况下,通过微波加热可以加速反应进程。这些酯在中性条件下经历一种简单的区域选择性
水解,生成相应的半酯:(±)-3-(烷氧基羰基)-2-
咪唑-1-基
丙二酸,其
水解机制可能涉及
BAC(3)或BAL(1)路径。在
H2O和D2O中的动力学研究,以及O-18和O-17的标记实验结果,均支持了所提出的
水解机制。这些
水解产物的性质依赖于醇基的类型,与一些
咪唑-1-基
丙二酸酯类似物,或与(±)-2-
吡唑-1-基和
苯并咪唑-1-基
琥珀酸酯的
水解结果进行比较。总体而言,
咪唑基
琥珀酸酯的
水解速度比来自
吡唑或
苯并咪唑的同类衍
生物更快。