Fluvalinate appears as a viscous heavy oil (technical). Formerly used as an insecticide. Production discontinued by Sandoz Agro, Inc. Insoluble in water.
颜色/状态：
Yellow-amber liquid
溶解度：
In water at 20 °C (98.6% purity): distilled water: 1.12 ug/L; pH 4: <0.35-0.56 ug/L; pH 7: 1.03 ug/L; pH 9: not stable
蒸汽压力：
8.42X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C
稳定性/保质期：
On hydrolysis 50% loss occurs: at 25 °C in 30 days (pH3 and pH6), 1-2 hr (pH9); at 42 °C in 35 days (pH3), 8 days (pH6), and 1 day (pH9). It is stable in glass > 1.5 years at 42 °C. In sunlight thin films on glass or silica gel suffered 50% loss in ca 2 days, an aqueous emulsion (1.6 g/l) in glass in 12 days. In sandy loam under aerobic conditions 50% loss occurs in about a day.
分解：
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of /hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and nitrogen oxides/.
腐蚀性：
Non-corrosive to slightly corrosive, depending upon the metal.
表面张力：
Not relevant as the water solubility is less than 1 mg/L
The metabolic pathways for the breakdown of the pyrethroids vary little between mammalian species but vary somewhat with structure. ... Essentially, pyrethrum and allethrin are broken down mainly by oxidation of the isobutenyl side chain of the acid moiety and of the unsaturated side chain of the alcohol moiety with ester hydrolysis playing and important part, whereas for the other pyrethroids ester hydrolysis predominates. /Pyrethrum and pyrethroids/
The relative resistance of mammals to the pyrethroids is almost wholly attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid and alcohol components, since direct injection into the mammalian CNS leads to a susceptibility similar to that seen in insects. Some additional resistance of homeothermic organisms can also be attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of action of the pyrethroids, which are thus less toxic at mammalian body temperatures, but the major effect is metabolic. Metabolic disposal of the pyrethroids is very rapid, which means that toxicity is high by the intravenous route, moderate by slower oral absorption, and often unmeasureably low by dermal absorption. /Pyrethroids/
Fastest breakdown is seen with primary alcohol esters of trans-substituted acids since they undergo rapid hydrolytic and oxidative attack. For all secondary alcohol esters and for primary alcohol cis-substituted cyclopropanecarboxylates, oxidative attack is predominant. /Pyrethroids/
Pyrethroids are generally metabolized in mammals through ester hydrolysis, oxidation, and conjugation, and there is no tendency to accumulate in tissues. In the environment, synthetic pyrethroids are fairly rapidly degraded in soil and in plants. Ester hydrolysis and oxidation at various sites on the molecule are the major degradation processes. /Pyrethroids/
The major metabolic pathways are cleavage of ester linkage and oxidation at the acid and alcohol moieties. Ester hydrolysis leads to formation of anilino acid. The anilino acid is further conjugated with amino acids (glycine, serine, threonine, and valine), bile acids (cholic, taurochoric, and taurochenodeoxycholic), and glycerols (oleoyl- and linoleoylglycerol). In addition, an amide derivative of anilino acid was found. These conjugation reactions of anilino acid with bile acid (cholic acid, taurocholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid) and with glycerol and monoglycerides have rarely been reported as conjugates with xenobiotics. The major urinary metabolites are anilino acid, its hydroxymethyl derivative, its glycine conjugate, haloaniline, and sulfate conjugate of hydroxyhaloaniline. On the other hand, the major fecal metabolites are anilino acid, its amide derivative, and several conjugates of anilino acid with several endogenous components. An unexpected difference between fluvalinate and other pyrethroids is the minimal amt of hydroxylation at the 4'-position of the alcohol moiety. (T80)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Fluvalinate is a yellow-amber liquid. It is a broad-spectrum insecticide/miticide in the pyrethroid class of pesticides. Fluvalinate is registered for a single food use (beehives/honey) and several non-food uses, including ornamentals (outdoor and container-grown, greenhouse, interior plantscapes, dip for cuttings), building surfaces/perimeters, ant mounds and certain crops (carrots and brassica/cole crops) grown for seed. Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Tau-fluvalinate is one form of racemic fluvalinate, which consists of four active diastereoisomers. The product was initially registered under the name "Fluvalinate," and all four diastereoisomers were used in the product formulation. Later, chemical advances altered the product to include only the two diastereoisomers found to be insecticidally active. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Workers exposed to fluvalinate have reported coughing, sneezing, throat irritation, itching or burning sensations on the arms or face with or without a rash, headache, and nausea. None of the fluvalinate exposures reported to the Poison Control Centers in nine years resulted in major or fatal outcome and none of the cases required hospitalization or critical care. ANIMAL STUDIES: Tau-fluvalinate caused slight conjunctival discharge observed one hour post instillation in rabbit eyes. Conjunctival swelling and redness noted for up to three days. In dogs 50 mg/kg/day of fluvalinate technical for 6 months induced emesis, loose stools, dehydration, and neurologic abnormalities. Fluvalinate technical (racemic) 93.8% administered to rats produced maternal and fetal toxicity at 50 mg/kg/day (decreased maternal and fetal weight, delayed ossification, decreased viability). Fluvalinate, at dose rates of 10.5 and 21 mg/kg (1/10th and 1/5th of LD50, respectively) by ip route in rats, impaired learning, while no such effect on permanent memory was observed. Temporary memory was impaired at lower doses whereas it was completely suppressed at higher dose. However, at both dose levels retrieval of passive avoidance reaction was completely suppressed. In mouse L5178Y TK+/-cells, induction of forward mutations with activation occurred when exposed to fluvalinate. No other genotoxic effects were observed. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The acute oral and dietary studies conducted with bobwhite quail and/or mallard ducks indicate that tau-fluvalinate is practically non-toxic to birds. For marine/estuarine fish, treatment-related decreases in the number of eggs produced/female/reproductive day, percent spawning frequency and length of posthatch fish were observed in sheepshead minnows.
Both type I and type II pyrethroids exert their effect by prolonging the open phase of the sodium channel gates when a nerve cell is excited. They appear to bind to the membrane lipid phase in the immediate vicinity of the sodium channel, thus modifying the channel kinetics. This blocks the closing of the sodium gates in the nerves, and thus prolongs the return of the membrane potential to its resting state. The repetitive (sensory, motor) neuronal discharge and a prolonged negative afterpotential produces effects quite similar to those produced by DDT, leading to hyperactivity of the nervous system which can result in paralysis and/or death. Other mechanisms of action of pyrethroids include antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition, modulation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, enhancement of noradrenaline release, and actions on calcium ions. They also inhibit calium channels and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase. (T10, T18, L857)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
喷洒和应用非砷杀虫剂涉及到的暴露可能对人类具有致癌性（2A组）。
Spraying and application of nonarsenical insecticides entail exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (L135)
At high doses, signs of poisoning attributable to fluvalinate include profuse salivation and pulmonary edema, clonic seizures, opisthotonos (i.e., the spine is bent forward such that a supine body rests on its head and heels), coma, and death. At lower doses, commonly observed effects include paresthesia and erythema. (L863)
When radioactive pyrethroid is administered orally to mammals, it is absorbed from intestinal tract of the animals and distributed in every tissue examined. Excretion of radioactivity in rats administered trans-isomer: dosage: 500 mg/kg; interval 20 days; urine 36%; feces 64%; total 100%. /Pyrethroids/
Although limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids, rapid biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes (ester hydrolysis and oxidation) is probably the major factor responsible. Most pyrethroid metabolites are promptly excreted, at least in part, by the kidney. /Pyrethroids/
When fluvalinate labeled with (14)C in the acid moiety was admin to rats at 1 mg/kg, (14)C was rapidly excreted into urine (9 to 19%) and feces (75 to 88%) within 4 days after admin. The major (14)C component (45% of the fecal (14)C) was the parent cmpd. Liver showed relatively higher (14)C tissue residue than other tissues, indicating that the (14)C tissue residues from fluvalinate are somewhat different from those of other pyrethroids having the same alcohol moiety ... The major urinary metabolites are anilino acid, its hydroxymethyl derivative, its glycine conjugate, haloaniline, and sulfate conjugate of hydroxyhaloaniline. On the other hand, the major fecal metabolites are anilino acid, its amide derivative, and several conjugates of anilino acid with several endogenous components ...
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人：GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号：WO2017075056A1
公开（公告）日：2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
Compounds of the formula (I) wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, useful as a pesticides, especially fungicides.
式(I)的化合物，其中取代基如权利要求1所定义，作为杀虫剂特别是杀菌剂有用。
Thieno-pyrimidine compounds having fungicidal activity
申请人：Brewster Kirkland William
公开号：US20070093498A1
公开（公告）日：2007-04-26
The present invention relates to thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidine compounds having fungicidal activity.
本发明涉及具有杀真菌活性的噻吩[2,3-d]-嘧啶化合物。
[EN] INSECTICIDAL TRIAZINONE DERIVATIVES<br/>[FR] DÉRIVÉS DE TRIAZINONE INSECTICIDES
申请人：SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG
公开号：WO2013079350A1
公开（公告）日：2013-06-06
Compounds of the formula (I) or (I'), wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, are useful as pesticides.
式(I)或(I')的化合物，其中取代基如权利要求1所定义的那样，可用作杀虫剂。
THIENYLPYRIDYLCARBOXAMIDES
申请人：Dunkel Ralf
公开号：US20110105564A1
公开（公告）日：2011-05-05
Novel thienylpyridylcarboxamides of the formula (I)
The present application is also directed to a plurality of processes for preparing these compounds and their use for controlling unwanted microorganisms, and also novel intermediates and their preparation.
