Solvolysis of 1-aryl-1-(trifloromethyl)ethyl tosylates. Evidence for an extremely high electron demand carbenium ion intermediate due to the presence of α-trifluoromethyl substituent
作者:Kwang-Ting Liu、Ching-Fen Sheu
DOI:10.1016/0040-4039(80)88074-9
日期:1980.1
The rate-retarding effect of ?-trifluoromethyl group observed in the solvolysis of 1-aryl-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyltosylates is so profound that a very large negative α+ value, −8.82, is resulted and the 1-phenyl derivative becomes even less reactive than benzyl tosylate.
The effects of .alpha.-substituents on the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of 4-methoxybenzyl carbocations: carbocation lifetimes that are independent of their thermodynamic stability
作者:Tina L. Amyes、Ishmael W. Stevens、John P. Richard
DOI:10.1021/jo00074a036
日期:1993.10
The following new rate constants for reaction of alpha-substituted 4-methoxybenzyl carbocations, 4-MeOC6H4CR1(R2)+, With a solvent of 50:50 (v/v) trifluoroethanol/water at 25-degrees-C and ionic strength 0.50 (NaClO4) are reported: 4-MeOC6H4CH(OMe)+, k(S) = 2.2 X 10(7) s-1; 4-MeOC6H4CH(N3)+, k(S) = 3.3 X 10(5) s-1; 4-MeOC6H4C(CH3)2+, k(S) = 1.3 x 10(7) s-1; 4-MeOC6H4CH(CO2Et)+, k(S) = 1.4 X 10(7) s-1; 4-MeOC6H4CCH3(CF3)+, k(S) = 2.5 x 10(7) s-1. The values of k(S) for reaction of 4-MeOC6H4CR1(R2)+ with 50:50 (v/v) trifluoroethanol/water are nearly independent of very large changes in the thermodynamic stability of these carbocations caused by the addition of a wide range of electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups at the alpha-position. In the most extreme case, the change from an alpha-methoxy to two alpha-(trifluoromethyl) substituents leads to a 23 kcal/mol thermodynamic destabilization of 4-MeOCrH4CR1(R2)+ relative to the neutral azide ion adducts but a 5-fold decrease in its reactivity toward solvent. The data show that the effects of alpha-substituents on the kinetic stability of 4-MeOC6H4CR1(R2)+ are complex and do not parallel the thermodynamic stability of these carbocations. The results are explained by consideration of the polar and resonance effects of the alpha-substituents on both the thermodynamic driving force and the intrinsic barrier for capture of the carbocations by solvent. These reactions are a new example of the consequences of the ''principle of nonperfect synchronization''.41
Solvolytic studies of the highly deactivated 1-aryl-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl tosylates
作者:Kwang Ting Liu、Mann Yan Kuo、Ching Fen Sheu
DOI:10.1021/ja00365a038
日期:1982.1
LIU, KWANG-TING;WU, YUH, WERN, J. CHEM. RES. SYNOP., 1984, N 12, 408-409