This work describes the design, synthesis in one step, and the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico antidiabetic evaluation of a series of ten alicyclic and aromatic (alkyl +aryl: alkaryl)biguanides, analogues of metformin and phenformin. The design was conceived using isosteric replacement, chain-ring transformation, and lower and higher homologation strategies. All compounds were obtained as crystals and their structure was confirmed on the basis of their spectral data (NMR and mass spectra), and their purity was ascertained by microanalysis. Compounds were in vitro evaluated as activators of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). The results indicated that compounds 4, 5, and 6 showed similar or even better effect compared to metformin. Docking analysis was performed with regulatory subunit γ of AMPK, showing several interactions with nucleotide binding pocket. The in vivo evaluation of compounds 4–6 at a single dose of 50 mg/kg was performed in a murine experimental model of diabetes. The results showed an important and robust decrease of plasmatic glucose levels (−40%). Compound 6 was selected for an oral glucose tolerance test, showing an antihyperglycemic effect similar to metformin. The in vivo results indicated that compounds 4–6 may be effective in treating experimental T2DM.
这项工作描述了设计、一步合成以及一系列十种脂环和芳香(烷基+芳基:烷芳基)双胍类似物(与二甲双胍和苯乙双胍类似物)的体外、体内和体外抗糖尿病评价。设计是通过同位素替代、链环转化以及较低和较高同系物策略构思的。所有化合物均以晶体形式获得,并根据其光谱数据(NMR和质谱)确认了其结构,通过微量分析确定了其纯度。化合物在体外被评估为AMP激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)的激活剂。结果表明,化合物4、5和6与二甲双胍相比显示出类似或甚至更好的效果。使用AMPK的调节亚基γ进行对接分析,显示出与核苷酸结合口袋的多个相互作用。在小鼠糖尿病实验模型中,对化合物4-6进行了50mg/kg的单剂量体内评价。结果显示血浆葡萄糖水平显著下降(-40%)。选择化合物6进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,显示出与二甲双胍类似的抗高血糖效果。体内结果表明,化合物4-6可能有效治疗实验性T2DM。