The comparative formation of chlorophenol metabolites of hexachlorocyclohexane was investigated in rats and mice. Male Swiss mice and female Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 500 parts per million hexachlorocyclohexane. Animals were killed after 2 months and hepatic chlorophenol metabolites were determined using hig performance liquid chromatography. Circulating concentrations of chlorophenols were determined in Wistar rats and Swiss mice given a single 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of hexachlorocyclohexane. After 24 hours blood was collected by heart puncture and chlorophenols assayed chromatographically. Species differences in the rate of chlorophenol metabolite formation in vitro were also measured in hepatic microsome fractions prepared from Aroclor 1254 pretreated animals. Chlorophenol metabolites identified were 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,3,5-trichlorophenol, 2,3,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol. No qualitative species difference was detected in chromatographic profiles of chlorophenols extracted from mouse and rat liver after continuous 2 month administration of hexachlorocyclohexane. Only 2,6-dichlorophenol was significantly higher in mouse live than that observed in rat liver: 1292.5 ng/g in mouse and 140.0 ng/g in rat. No qualitative difference was observed in the chlorophenols of blood of mice and rats. However, the concentration of 2,6-dichlorophenol was 11.52 ug/ml compared to 1.65 ug/ml in mouse blood. In vitro, 647 pmol/mg/hour 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were formed by rat liver microsomes, compared to 219 pmol/mg/hour by mouse liver microsomes. The authors conclude that hexachlorocyclohexane may be a tumor promoting agent which acts by facilitating the development of latent initiated cells of unknown origin. Differential plasma clearance of 2,6-dichlorophenol may account for species differences in its concentration; however it is unlikely that it plays a major role in the induction of liver tumors in mice.
The metabolism of tetrachlorobenzenes was investigated in the squirrel monkey and a comparison made of the interspecies metabolism of such compounds. Three groups of four male monkeys were given orally single doses of one of three tetrachlorobenzene isomers in corn-oil twice per week for 3 weeks. The dose levels for 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene were 100 mg/kg, and the dose level for 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene was 50 mg/kg. Respective levels of fecal excretion at 48 hours were 38, 36, and 18% of the initial doses. No metabolism occurred for 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in the squirrel monkey. Fecal metabolites of 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene included 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (2% of dose), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (14%), 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol (9%), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenyl sulfinic acid (15%). For animals dosed with either 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene, the fecal radioactivity demonstrated elimination of at least 50% unchanged compound. Fecal metabolites in monkeys dosed with 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene included 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (22%), N-acetyl-S-(2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenyl)cysteine (18%), 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenyl sulfinic acid (3%), 2,3,4-trichlorophenyl-methyl sulfide (0.6%), and 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenyl-methyl sulfide (0.2%). Different metabolic pathways were briefly compared for the squirrel monkey, the rat, and the rabbit. The authors conclude that the tetrachlorobenzenes studied are metabolized differently in different species and that different isomers are metabolized by different pathways.
After lindane was administered to rats in a single oral dose, the time profile of the degree of conjugation of the main phenolic metabolites was evaluated. In all urine samples 2,3-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol were constantly present. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol and then 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were the prevalent metabolites in all cases. The degree of conjugation did not correlate with the dissociation constant of individual chlorinated phenols. Phenol conjugation declined with time after administration.
2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol is rapidly absorbed and excreted following occupational exposure, which involves both the inhalation and dermal routes. Sulfation and glucuronidation are the main metabolic pathways of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol. Studies suggest rapid absorption after dermal application. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol is excreted as tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, and partly unchanged (L159).
2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol acts at the sites of adenosine triphosphate production and decreases or blocks it without blocking the electron transport chain. Thus the poison uncouples phosphorylation from oxidation. Free energy from the electron transport chain then converts to more body heat. As body temp rises, heat-dissipating mechanisms are overcome and metabolism is speeded. More adenosine diphosphate and other substrates accumulate, and these substrates stimulate the electron transport chain further. The electron transport chain responds by using up more and more available oxygen (increasing oxygen demand) in an effort to produce adenosine triphosphate, but much of the free energy generated is liberated as still more body heat. Oxygen demand quickly overcomes oxygen supply, and energy reserves become depleted (A541).
Not directly listed by IARC, but related polychlorophenols are discussed, and combined exposures to polychlorophenols or to their sodium salts are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). (L135)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
健康影响
皮肤接触可导致腐蚀性皮肤损伤(L159)。
Dermal exposure can cause corrosive skin damage (L159).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其气溶胶、通过皮肤接触以及吞食被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Room-Temperature Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Electron-Deficient Arenes and Heteroarenes Using Air
作者:Qiang Liu、Pan Wu、Yuhong Yang、Ziqi Zeng、Jie Liu、Hong Yi、Aiwen Lei
DOI:10.1002/anie.201200750
日期:2012.5.7
No pressure: The oxidation of aromatic CH bonds at room temperature was realized through a copper‐catalyzed “oxygenase‐type” oxidation of arenes and heteroarenes in the presence of air (see scheme). The reaction involves an oxygen‐atom transfer from O2 in the air onto the substrates.
In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds of formula I:
where a and R
1-6
are as defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of formula I are serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of using such compounds; and process and intermediates for preparing such compounds.
Electroreduction of Organic Compounds, 34 [1]. Cathodic Dehalogenation of Chloroarenes with Electron-Donating Substituents
作者:Olaf Kranz、Jürgen Voss
DOI:10.1515/znb-2003-1206
日期:2003.12.1
The electrochemical reduction of chlorinated arenes with electron-donating substituents, i. e. chlorotoluenes, -anisoles and -phenols, is studied. Preparative electrolyses are run in various solventsupporting electrolytes under potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions at lead or carbon cathodes. A partial and mostly regioselective hydrodechlorination of compounds with two or more chloro substituents is possible under suitable conditions. The replacement of one single chloro substituent, in particular in a para-position, is difficult. Highly toxic and persistent oligochloro derivatives are thus transformed into less problematic compounds with a low degree of chlorination. The chlorine content of real-life materials such as extracts of soil contaminated with chlorinated phenols and Nitrofen® can also be significantly decreased by electroreduction.
SYNTHESIS OF CLAY-TEMPLATED SUBNANO-SIZED ZERO VALENT IRON (ZVI) PARTICLES, CLAYS CONTAINING SAME, AND USE OF BOTH IN CONTAMINANT TREATMENTS
申请人:Li Hui
公开号:US20110130575A1
公开(公告)日:2011-06-02
A clay comprising a 2:1 aluminosilicate clay having negative charge sites, the 2:1 aluminosilicate clay containing subnano-sized zero valent iron (ZVI) particles distributed on clay surfaces is provided. In one embodiment, at least some or all of the particles have a cross-section of five (
5
) angstroms or less. Methods of synthesizing and the novel clays and the clay-templated subnano-scale ZVI particles themselves are also described. Such novel products are useful in a variety of remediation applications, including for reduction and dechlorination reactions.
Structural diversity of hydrogen-bonded complexes comprising phenol-based and pyridine-based components: NLO properties and crystallographic and spectroscopic studies
作者:Iwona Bryndal、Marek Drozd、Tadeusz Lis、Jan K. Zaręba、Henryk Ratajczak
DOI:10.1039/d0ce00606h
日期:——
transfer is found, attesting to its co-crystal nature. The 2,5-DNP molecule was found to possess a short intramolecular O–H⋯O hydrogen bond and crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P21. Crystalstructure analysis reveals that the substituted phenol–pyridine complexes crystallize as salts linked by N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds in the orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pna21, (1)