Nafion-H-catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol condensations and hetero Diels–Alder reactions using aldehydes and imines. Part 15: General synthetic methods
摘要:
Nafion-H catalyzes the Mukaiyama aldol condensation between aromatic aldehydes and the Danishefsky diene whereas the corresponding imines directly undergo hetero Diels-Alder cyclization to form 2,3-dihydro-gamma -pyridones. Some chiral acetal derived aldehydes were round to undergo Mukaiyama aldol condensation in the presence of Lewis acids but not with Nafion-H. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
[reaction: see text] A BINOLate-zinc complex prepared in situ from Et(2)Zn and 3,3'-dibromo-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (3,3'-Br(2)-BINOL) was found to be a highly efficient catalyst for the enantioselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of Danishefsky's diene and aldehydes to give 2-substituted 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one in up to quantitative yield and 98% ee.
A novel Ce(III)–(R)-BNP complex was conveniently prepared from CAN and (R)-BNP–Na, then successfully used as a homogeneous catalyst for the asymmetric hetero-Diels–Alder reaction affording, after acidic work-up, 6-substituted 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives with high enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee). A mechanistically interesting positive nonlinear effect was also observed.
Combinatorial coordination chemistry strategy combined with high-throughput screening techniques has been successfully applied to engineering practical enantioselective catalysts for asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. The reaction of Danishefsky's diene with a variety of aldehydes can be carried out with 0.1-0.005 mol % of H4-BINOL/Ti/H4-BINOL or H4-BINOL/Ti/H8-BINOL catalysts at room temperature under solvent- and MS-free conditions to afford dihydropyrone derivatives with up to quantitative yield and 99.8% ee.
Dramatically Synergetic Effect of Carboxylic Acid Additive on Tridentate Titanium Catalyzed Enantioselective Hetero-Diels–Alder Reaction: Additive Acceleration and Nonlinear Effect
This paper describes the successful development of a group of highly, efficient chiral tridentate titanium catalysts for hetero-Diels - Alder reaction of Danishefsky's diene and a variety of aldehydes through ligand and additive diversity. Dramatically synergetic effect of carboxylic acid additives and influence of substituent in chiral Schiff base ligands on the enantioselectivities of the reaction are reported. It was found that a chiral drug Naproxen (A21) was a highly efficient additive for Ti-catalyzed HDA reaction, affording 2-substituted 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one in up to 97% ee and > 99% yields. Quantitative study of the effect of chiral carboxylic acid A21 revealed that the reaction could be accelerated by one order of magnitude. Another interesting feature of present catalytic system is the existence of significant positive nonlinear effect. which indicates that the heterochiral Schiff base-titanium complexes may have higher stability than their homochiral counterparts. As a result. the homochiral Schiff base - titanium complexes with higher ee than that of starting ligand will react with carboxylic acid additive to form the more active species and predominate the catalytic process. The isolation and characterization of stable heterochiral ((+/-)-L1)(2)Ti complex has also been successful, which strongly supported the explanation for positive nonlinear effect observed in the catalytic system.